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【Explanation and Other Information】
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【Explanation and Other Information】
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【Point】 Meaning of project
【Explanation and Other Information】
・What’s Project ?
“A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service”.
This kind of project management procedure was successfully applied to the Apollo program.
※Apollo program : 1961-1972, 6 times of successful landing of human being on the moon surface.
【Point】
Characteristics of Project
【Explanation and Other Information】
Characteristics of Project
(1) Temporality ： Start and end time is clearly defined in the project (Limited Time Frame).
Time Frame ： five years for a spacecraft, over 20 years for ISS (Started at 1988, assembled from 1999, completed in 2011 and now has been operated.)
(2) Uniqueness ： Project is the business configuration to create unprecedented products or services.
However, an already established development can be a project in some countries if the development subject is entirely-new in those countries.
【Point】
Comparison of Project and Routine Work
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【Explanation and Other Information】
・Features of project
Time flame：Temporary
Start and end time is clearly defined.
Identity：Unique
Products, operator and work process are different even though there are similar works in the past
・Features of routine work
Time frame：Indefinite
Time flame is not limited at the time of beginning work.
Identity：Common
Repetition of similar work.
【Point】
・Project Management
【Explanation and Other Information】
・Project Management
“the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements”.
Refer to “A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge”, PMBOK Guide 2000, ・・・Project Management Institute.
・ Project management is necessary to lead a project to a successful conclusion with balancing the constraints (scope, schedule, cost, human resources and so on).
【Point】
・Project Management Plan, PMP
【Explanation and Other Information】
Project Management Plan, PMP
Proper planning will clear the road to goal.
An appropriately-planned and controlled project has their operations, responsible person (organization), schedule (estimated working period) and costs clearly defined before starting operation.
【Point】
・Organization of Project Team and Project Manager
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【Explanation and Other Information】
What’s Project Manager ?
“The individual responsible for managing a project that has responsibilities to handle all aspects of the project”.
-However, the authority of the project manager varies depending on the organizational structure.
-Therefore, it is important for the project manager to act with full awareness of his authority and responsibilities.
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【Point】
・Organization Structure Influence on Project
【Explanation and Other Information】
Organization Structure Influence on Project
・The authority of the project manager is highest in the projectized organization.
・It is difficult to organize the engineer with high ability.
・The authority of the project manager is lowest in the functional organization.
・Responsible area of involved engineers is not clear.
【Point】
Desired characteristics of the project manager
【Explanation and Other Information】
Project manager requires various knowledge and skills such as;
(1) communication skills （PM is said to spend 80～90% of his time）
(2) leadership
(3) problem-solving skills
(4) bargaining power
(5) staff management ability
(6) determination
(7) management skills
(8) knowledge of operation
(9) cost-consciousness
【Point】
Project Management Process
【Explanation and Other Information】
The PDCA cycle (Plan, Do, Check, Act) shall be rotating at any time in the project management.
Besides, Initiation Process and Closing is necessary for start and end point, respectively.
Project management process is classified into following five process;
1 ）Initiation Process
2）Planning Process
3）Development Process
4）Controlling Process
5）Closing Process
【Point】
・ Project Management Process
・PDCA
【Explanation and Other Information】
PDCA Cycle（PDCA cycle, plan-do-check-act cycle）
・PDCA is a typical procedure in the product management and product quality assurance management.
Process is usually improved with the repetition of this cycle, Plan→ Do→ Check→ Act.
This activities are just correspond the project management.
【Point】
・Planning Process
【Explanation and Other Information】
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【Point】
Output of Planning Process
【Explanation and Other Information】
・Development Specification：This document show the technical requirements of the object. Project shall be pursued to complete the object which meets this requirements under the condition prescribed time, budget and resources.
・Project Implement Plan：This plan collects the documents which describe the necessary work in order to produce the object which meets the requirements, such as WBS, schedule, organization chart, budget plan and so on.
【Point】
Development Specification
【Explanation and Other Information】
(1) Scope: What products shall the specification apply to? The scope of target shall be clarified.
(2) Applicable Documents, Reference Documents: Any applicable or considerable specifications, rules and regulation concerning the development shall be clarified.
(3) Outline of Functions: Desirable functions shall be conceptually described in order to grasp the image of the products.
(4) Physical property:
- The target property including the target values shall be specified.
- These shall be the core of the technical requirement definition.
- Such as, Functions, Performances, Dimensions, Mass, Shapes, Components, Others
(5) Quality and Reliability requirements
See MIL-STD-961E”DEFENSE AND PROGRAM-UNIQUE SPECIFICATIONS FORMAT AND CONTENT”.
【Point】
Project Implement Plan
【Explanation and Other Information】
Project Implement Plan
-Project Implement Plan is the collection of the documents regarding the works necessary for outputting the project’s products.
-WBS, schedule, organization chart, fund planning and procurement planning shall be included in this plan.
-Each item is described in the following paragraphs.
3.2.1 WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
3.2.2 Schedule
3.2.3 Organization Chart
------- Financial Planning
------- Procurement Planning
【Point】
WBS (Work Breakdown Structure)
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This is a WBS example in the aircraft development.
・Decomposition shall be done for involved members to understand these work
・WP(Work Package) shall be document to define concretely the each work of WBS.
【Point】
Example of WP
【Explanation and Other Information】
・Name of worker, summary of work, due date of work, responsible person and etc is described in WP.
・ Necessity of WP depends on characteristics of the project.
【Point】
Example of WBS in Space System
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This example is shown in ECSS-M-ST-10 as the typical space WBS.
【Point】
Schedule/Milestone Chart
【Explanation and Other Information】
Project Master Schedule（JAXA GCOM-C1)
・Project schedule is shown both in rough master schedule and in detailed schedule.
･It is important to make clear the start date and end date, which shall be possible date.
・Production process shall be carefully revised in consideration of time constraint.
・Project schedule may be shown in PERT chart or the bar chart.
【Point】
Example of PERT chart (Network diagram)
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This is PERT chart.
It makes clear the activities in the project and the mutual relation between these activities.
【Point】
Example of bar chart
【Explanation and Other Information】
・Bar chart makes clear the mutual relation among activities on the schedule.
【Point】
Organization Chart
It is important to make clear the role and the responsibility of the involved engineers.
【Explanation and Other Information】
・Organization Chart shall be written in order to correspond to each element of WBS
・Organization Chart shall be made in earlier phase of the project, be revised periodically.
・Project manager can understand the relation between the organization and each element of WBS and promote the project work efficiently and appropriately.
【Point】
Development Process
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This process is most important in project management process.
・We introduce this process according to the general development process in JAXA.
【Point】
Development Process
【Explanation and Other Information】
・Development Process is the core work of the project management.
・In this process, Product which meets Product Scope shall be created.
・Development Process corresponds to Do and Act in PDCA cycle.
The PDCA cycle shall be also done in each important item in this process.
・Design, implementation, verification and maintenance in the development process corresponds to Plan, Do, Check and Act in PDCA cycle.
・These activities are systemized as Phased Project Planning (PPP), and applied to the space development project. PPP is explained hereafter.
【Point】
PPP (Phased Project Planning)
【Explanation and Other Information】
PPP：PPP is the development procedure created by NASA in Apollo project.
・In PPP, the development stage is divided to plural phases where the necessary activities are defined. The result performed in each phase is estimated in Review meeting, and the migration to next phase is approved.
・NASA, ESA and JAXA use this PPP procedure.
【Point】
Development Process
【Explanation and Other Information】
This Table explains Definition of Activity in related Phase in ESA and NASA
・There are no difference in the basic concept of phase activity in ESA and NASA.
【Point】
JAXA’s Definition of Activity in related Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・There are no difference in the basic concept of phase activity in JAXA and NASA.
【Point】
General development process in JAXA
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This Table shows general development process in JAXA.
・This Table shows that development process in JAXA uses PPP.
【Point】
Activity Flow in JAXA Concept Study & Concept Design Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Concept Study & Concept Design Phase.
・JAXA performs the needs hearing from user of such as government offices and research institutions, and defines the mission requirements document.
・JAXA makes total system specification in order to achieve the above mission requirements.
Here, to ensure the reality of the system, the fundamental concept design is performed.
・JAXA makes the total development plan and prepares the documents to require the budget together with the technical study of system including risk identification and assessment.
【Point】
Activity Flow in JAXA Approval of Plan Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Approval of Plan Phase.
・Development specifications of satellite system and ground segment shall be defined, which
meet the aforementioned the total system specification.
・Total development plan shall be made and procure specification also shall be prepared.
・Request for Proposal shall be published to suppliers.
・Suppliers shall submit the technical proposal and cost proposal.
・After review of proposals, supplier shall be selected and contracted.
【Point】
Activity Flow in JAXA Preliminary Design Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Preliminary Design Phase.
・Preliminary design shall be performed based on the development specification.
Based on the preliminary design, design specifications of system, subsystem and component shall be established. If necessary, the development model such as BBM is studied to ensure the reality of system.
・Production model such as EM, PM, FM and PFM is determined, and EM drawings is prepared if necessary in the next phase.
・Results in this phase shall be documented to Input Package and reviewed (Preliminary design review ;PDR).
【Point】
Activity Flow in JAXA Critical Design Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Critical Design Phase.
・Critical design shall be performed based on the design specification, and drawings of PM/FM/PFM, the manufacture plan and the test plan shall be prepared.
・In the development test of EM, design performance shall be qualified under the comparatively severe loading environment, and both manufacturing and test process shall be also verified.
・Results in this phase shall be documented to Input Package and reviewed (Critical design review ;CDR).
【Point】
Activity Flow in JAXA Manufacturing and Testing Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Manufacturing and Testing Phase.
・Necessary materials and parts are procured based on the drawings of PM, FM and PFM, and these products shall be manufactured according to the drawings and specifications.
After manufactured, each product shall be tested based on the related test plan.
・In the test of PM, FM and PFM, the design verification and the product quality shall be confirmed under the specified environmental loading.
・In this phase, the maintenance design shall be performed where design changes due to the requirement changes, the manufacturing failures, the test failures and so on shall be treated.
【Point】
Activity Flow in JAXA Launch Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Launch Phase.
・Transportation of Spacecraft, Post-Carry-in-Site Inspection, Propellant Filling and Integration of Pyrotechnics, Implementation of Final Lunch Configuration, Operation Training of Spacecraft, Launch Site Preparations, and Rehearsal of them shall be performed.
・Pre-Acceptance Review was performed after the completion of above activities, and Launch Readiness Review (LRR) is followed.
・In this phase, Launch Rocket is transported to launch site by the launch service company.
【Point】
Activity Flow in JAXA Operation Phase
【Explanation and Other Information】
・This figure shows the activity flow in JAXA Operation Phase.
・System operation consist of Initial Operation, Routine Operation and Post-mission Operation.
・Initial Operation consists of the activities in Critical phase, Tests On Orbit, Total Operation Test. Operation shall be performed by the system developer with the assistance of related suppliers.
・In Critical phase, a series of initial setting operation shall be performed such as the initial attitude control, solar panel deployment, antenna reflector deployment and so on.
In Test On Orbit, function and performance tests of equipments are performed. Mission equipments shall be shall be calibrated tested. Orbital control shall be also performed.
Total operation test shall be performed using both the satellite system and the ground system.
In Routine Operation, the mission shall be achieved.
Post-mission Operation is the operation for the disposal of the satellite.
【Point】
・Controlling Process
【Explanation and Other Information】
・Detailed explanation of prime managements which compose the controlling process is introduced “Management Program (1) and (2).
・Here, only whole image of the controlling process is introduced.
【Point】
・Safety and Mission Assurance “Safety First”
・５ management activities
【Explanation and Other Information】
Controlling Process sustains Development Process.
Basic concept of Controlling Process is based on “Safety First”. ---Controlling Process sustains Development Process.
Basic concept of Controlling Process is based on “Safety First”.
The following managements shall be pursued;
① Configuration Management
② Reliability Management
③ Quality Management
④ Risk Management
⑤ Safety Management
Concept of Safety-critical is adopted in NPD 8700.1E “NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success”.
【Point】
SAMMARY of Project Management
【Explanation and Other Information】
Project management is defined as the management activity that achieves the planned Project Scope under the prescribed constraints.
For this purpose, it is important to perform the project management process which consist of Planning, Development and Control Process steadily.
