3. Issues
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Protect the database from numerous types of failures
Protect the database from numerous types of failures
Increase Mean-Time-Between-Failures (MTBF)
Increase Mean-Time-Between-Failures (MTBF)
Decrease Mean-Time-To-Recover (MTTR)
Decrease Mean-Time-To-Recover (MTTR)
Minimize data loss
Minimize data loss
4. Categories of Failures
– Statement failure
– Statement failure
–
–
–
–
–
–
Logic error in an application
Logic error in an application
Attempt to enter bad data into the table
Attempt to enter bad data into the table
Attempt an operation with insufficient
Attempt an operation with insufficient
privileges
privileges
– Attempt an INSERT or UPDATE to a table,
– Attempt an INSERT or UPDATE to a table,
causing an extent to be allocated,
causing an extent to be allocated,
but with insufficient free space
but with insufficient free space
left in the tablespace
left in the tablespace
No Recovery
Needed
5. Categories of Failures
– Statement failure
– Statement failure
– User process failure
– User process failure
– The user performed an abnormal disconnect in
– The user performed an abnormal disconnect in
the session.
the session.
– The user’s session was abnormally terminated.
– The user’s session was abnormally terminated.
– The user’s program raised an address
– The user’s program raised an address
exception terminating the session.
exception terminating the session.
No Recovery
Needed
PMON
6. Categories of Failures
– Statement failure
– Statement failure
– User process failure
– User process failure
– User error
– User error
–
–
–
–
–
–
Accidental DROP TABLE;
Accidental DROP TABLE;
Accidental TRUNCATE TABLE;
Accidental TRUNCATE TABLE;
Accidental DELETE // UPDATE;
Accidental DELETE UPDATE;
Recovery
Needed
IMP Utility
7. Categories of Failures
– Statement failure
– Statement failure
– User process failure
– User process failure
– User error
– User error
– Instance failure
– Instance failure
– HardWare Problem on CPU // RAM
– HardWare Problem on CPU RAM
No Recovery
Needed
PMON SMON
8. Categories of Failures
– Statement failure
– Statement failure
– User process failure
– User process failure
– User error
– User error
– Instance failure
– Instance failure
– Media failure
– Media failure
– HardWare Problem on I/O Device
– HardWare Problem on I/O Device
Recovery
Needed
Physical
9. Requirements for Strategy
– Business requirements
– Business requirements
•• Evolutionary process
Evolutionary process
– Technical requirements
– Technical requirements
••
••
••
••
Hardware, software, man power and time
Hardware, software, man power and time
Database configurations
Database configurations
Transaction volume
Transaction volume
Frequency of backups
Frequency of backups
– Operational requirements
– Operational requirements
••
••
7-day // 24-hour operations
7-day 24-hour operations
Testing and validating backups
Testing and validating backups
13. SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
Physical Closed Database Backup
Data files
Control
files
Redo log
files
Password Parameter
files
file
HOST cp <files> /backup/
Online or
offline
storage
STARTUP OPEN;
14. Advantages of Physical Closed
Database Backups
– Conceptually simple
– Conceptually simple
– Easy to perform
– Easy to perform
– Require little operator interaction
– Require little operator interaction
15. Physical Opened Database
Backup (1)
Online
redo
log files
Control
files
Parameter
files
Online or
offline
storage
Archived redo
log files
HOST cp <files> /backup/
Pwd file
16. Physical Opened Database
All tablespace data Backup (2)
Individual data
files
file
SQL> alter tablespace <name> begin backup;
SQL> alter tablespace <name> begin backup;
Online or
offline
storage
Data files
HOST cp <files> /backup/
SQL> alter tablespace <name> end backup;
SQL> alter tablespace <name> end backup;
17. Advantages of Physical Opened
Database Backups
– Maintains high database availability
– Maintains high database availability
– Can be done at a tablespace or data file level
– Can be done at a tablespace or data file level
– Supports nonstop business operations
– Supports nonstop business operations
25. 1
Shutdown
2
Startup Mount
3O.S.
Restore From Hot or Cold Physical BackUp DataFile (s)
9
9
9
5
4
8
Redo log
files
Data files
Recover DataFile (s) Automatic
4a
4b
9
Applyed Archived Logs #5 #6 #7
Applyed On Line Logs #8 #9
5
Alter DataBase Open
6
Shutdown Immediate
7
New Cold Physical BackUp
8
Startup Open
9
Control
file
26. S.C.N. System Change Number
Data files
Header
Control file
1
RedoRecord
Incremental Time Stamp
2
Unique Identified “Committed Version D.B.”
Log file #
Log file
Low SCN #
Higth SCN #
27. Logical Backup Methods
Oracle Export and Import
Utilities
• An interactive dialog
• An interactive dialog
• The export page of the Data Manager within
• The export page of the Data Manager within
Enterprise Manager
Enterprise Manager
• The command line interface, by specifying
• The command line interface, by specifying
parameters
parameters
28. These utilities enable you to do the following:
These utilities enable you to do the following:
– Archive historical data
– Archive historical data
– Save table definitions (with or without data) to protect
– Save table definitions (with or without data) to protect
from user error failure
from user error failure
– Move data between machines and databases or versions
– Move data between machines and databases or versions
of the Oracle server
of the Oracle server
– Transport tablespaces between databases
– Transport tablespaces between databases
31. KEYWORD
DESCRIPTION
(DEFAULT)
----------------------------------------------------------------USERID
username/password
BUFFER
size of data buffer
FILE
LOG
PARFILE
FILESIZE
output files
(EXPDAT.DMP)
log file of screen output
parameter filename
maximum size of each dump file
COMPRESS
CONSISTENT
import into one extent
cross-table consistency
(Y)
(N)
GRANTS
INDEXES
ROWS
CONSTRAINTS
TRIGGERS
export
export
export
export
export
(Y)
(Y)
(Y)
(Y)
(Y)
FULL
OWNER
TABLES
export entire DataBase
list of owner usernames
list of table names
INCTYPE
DIRECT
STATISTICS
incremental export type
direct path
analyze objects
grants
indexes
data rows
constraints
triggers
(N)
(N)
(ESTIMATE)
32. Command-Line Method
> exp scott/tiger file=scott.dmp owner=scott grants=Y rows=Y compres
Export Messages
Export: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri Oct 30 09:35:33 1998
(c) Copyright 2003 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to: Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Produc
With the Partitioning option
PL/SQL Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production
Export done in WE8DEC character set and WE8DEC NCHAR character set
. exporting pre-schema procedural objects and actions
. exporting foreign function library names for user SCOTT
. exporting object type definitions for user SCOTT
About to export SCOTT’s objects ...
. exporting database links
. exporting sequence numbers
. exporting cluster definitions
. about to export SCOTT’s tables via Conventional Path ...
. . exporting table BONUS 0 rows exported
. . exporting table DEPT 4 rows exported
. . exporting table EMP 14 rows exported