The document discusses major development issues and strategies to address poverty. It identifies the top three development issues as poverty, unemployment, and inequality. It defines poverty as individuals whose incomes fall below a certain threshold or poverty line, lacking access to basic needs. Poverty can be measured as either absolute, not having enough to survive, or relative, having less than others. Deprivation of assets and capabilities is another way to measure poverty. Institutional and indigenous/community-based strategies are also discussed as approaches to address development issues and poverty.

1. Arsi University
School of Humanities and Law
Department of Geography and
Environmental Studies.
Course Title: Sustainable Livelihoods and
Food Security
Presentation title:Development issues
Course Code : GeDM 502
Year: I, Semester:I
Submitted by:Jemal Beshir
IDNo Gs/EX0323/15

2. 6.1.2 Development issues
The major development issues need to be stepped on in order to
reduce or alleviate
1. Poverty-absolute and relative
2. Unemployment
3. Inequality
 6.1.2.1 Income, expenditure and consumption
 Measuring poverty requires monitor trends over time, or comparing
regions or countries.
 Poverty line
Income level defining poverty based on measuring:
 Income/gross domestic product (GDP),
 expenditures or
 consumption
 income and resources distribution are used to group people into below or
above.

3. Development issues
Poverty measurement
 People are said to be poor if their incomes fall below a certain
level called a threshold, also known as the poverty line.
In this definition, the poor do not have enough income to
purchase or have easy access to basic goods and services, such as:
 food,
 clothing,
 housing,
transportation, and education etc
How people and institutions portray and try to cope with poverty
depends to a considerable extent on how poverty is measured.

4. Development issues
 The differences between relative poverty (having
less than others) and absolute poverty (not having
enough to survive) are great.
6.1.2.2 Deprivation of assets and capability
 Indicators are needed to select beneficiaries for
specific interventions.
 Deprivation-being without adequate food or
shelter/assets.

5. Deprivations include:
a) Income: the lack of means to purchase basic
goods and services;
b) Consumption: inadequate access to basic goods
such as food and water;
c) Capability: insufficient knowledge, health or skills
tofulfill normal livelihood functions;
d) Living conditions: poor housing, unhealthy or
dangerous environment, and bad ial relations.

6. Deprivations include
Assets-properties owned/livelihoods.
Living conditions-Poor people can be classified and monitored
according to their living conditions.
Areas may be unhealthy because of poor sanitation or nearby
sources of pollution.
Poverty and personal or collective characteristics
 The links between various dimensions of poverty and factors
such as:
 age,
 gender,
 ethnicity and
 occupational specialization need to be carefully monitored to
understand the causes and experience of poverty

7. Con…
 The following are characteristics of poverty.
a) Multidimensional
b) Complex and dynamic
c) Avoidable
d) Collective responsibility
e) Contextually defined

8. 6.2 Institutional Strategies
Institutions are rules and regulations including their
enforcement, provide incentives and disincentives, any
structure or mechanism of social or governmental order
and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of
individuals within a given
community coordinate and mobilize resources to ensure
competition and they play overall role in economic
growth and development.

9. • Con…
6.3 Indigenous/Community-based Strategies
 The role of indigenous knowledge in dealing with
environmental and socio-economic problems is
immense.
 People may make use of their long-established
traditional knowledge to cope with environmental or
socio-economic problems.
 Community-based organizations like iqub and idir
have such local based entities playing a great role in
this regard.

10. THANK YOU!!!!!!!