A practical solution to ground water recharge by rain water harvesting system

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308
International Journal of Civil Engineering OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND
(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), © IAEME
TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online)
Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), pp. 132-148
IJCIET
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A PRACTICAL SOLUTION TO GROUND WATER RECHARGE BY
RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN PUDUKKOTTAI DIST,
TAMILNADU

R.Greesan
Dept. of Civil Engg. Chendhuran College of Engg & Tech.,Pudukkottai,TN

ABSTRACT

The world was surrounded by water. Even though we are in the planet of earth which
has 97% of water, we are facing our maximum of trouble regarding water. Some of the
sources are saying that, Water scarcity will be the major reason to cause third world war. This
case study was done in the district of Pudukkottai, which is not having any perennial resource
of water and the dist was mostly depends on rain water for domestic and agri purposes. In this
project we are tried to give better solution to the ground water and ground water recharge.
This paper prescribed the technique of Roof Top Harvesting for storing and utilizing the
rainwater and also for recharging the ground water. In the trend of urbanisation, the roof top
harvesting is the effective, trouble-free system to implement with less expense. This will
result in effective utilisation of water, ground water recharge, sustain our natural resources
and automatically the environment will come under the greenish envelope without any doubt
and drought. That’s the solution was very near to us to build a green city.

WATER

Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset,
which is one of the most critical elements in Development Planning according to Indian
National Water Policy. Planning and Development of Water Resources and their Use need to
be governed by National Interest. It has been estimated that out of the Total precipitation
around 4000 billion cubic metre in the country, Surface Water availability is about 1780
billion cubic metre. Out of this, only about 50% can be put to beneficial use because of
topographical and other constraints.
In addition, there is a Ground Water Potential of about 420 billion cubic metre. The
availability of water is highly uneven in space and time. Precipitation is confined to only
about 3 to 4 months with 20 – 40 significant Rainy days within a year. Hence, there is an

132

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308

imperative need for effective collection of Rain Water for storing in appropriate places like
Reservoir, Lakhs, Tanks, Ponds and Aquifers etc. In order to use the stored water efficiently
for Economical and Social Purposes.

Current Water Usage

Usage (%) World Europe Africa India
Agriculture 69 33 88 83
Industry 23 54 5 12
Domestic 8 13 7 5

Future Water Usage

Year Agriculture Industry Domestic Total Per Capita
India Billion Lit/Day Lit/Day
2000 1658 115 93 1866 88.9
2050 1745 441 227 2413 167.0
China
2000 1024 392 105 1521 82.7
2050 1151 822 219 2192 155.4
USA
2000 542 605 166 1313 582.7
2050 315 665 187 1167 484.6

Agriculture is the dominant section in Indian Economy. Tamil Nadu has poor ground
water potential, depends mainly on the Surface Water Irrigation, as well as Ground Water
Irrigation. The Surface Water Potential largely depends on the storage of water in Reservoirs,
Dams and Tanks only.
The state has used the Surface and Ground Water Potentials to maximum limit and
hence the future development and expansion depends only on the efficient and economical
use of Water Potential and Resources.
To achieve the Water Use Efficiency, it is necessary to improve and upgrade the
existing Conveyance and Storage System and also to introduce Modern Irrigation methods.

Per Capita Water Use

Continents Per Capita Water Use
(m3/yr)
Africa 245
Asia 519
North and C. America 1861
South America 478
Europe 1280
USSR (Former) 713

133


Per capita water availability in India

Year Population (Million) Per capita water
availability (m3/year)
1951 361 5177
1955 395 4732
1991 846 2209
2001 1027 1820
2025 1394 1341
2050 1640 1140

Study Area

Pudukkottai district area profile

PUDUKKOTTAI

Pudukkottai district is bound on the North and North West by Trichirapalli district,
Sivagangai district on the West and South West, on the East and North East by Thanjavur district
and on the South East by Bay of Bengal.
The district is formed in January 1974 out of certain pockets of the then Trichy and
Thanjavur districts, has an area of 4663 sq.km with a coastal line of 39 km.
Pudukkottai district is divided into two revenue divisions with 9 taluks. There are 7 Agricultural
Divisions which is headed by the respective Assistant Director of Agriculture and 13 blocks
headed by Agricultural Development Officer. Moreover, there are two municipalities and 8 town
panchayats covering 757 revenue villages and 498 village panchayats.
The average rainfall of the district is 923 mm per year. The frequency of rainfall is also uncertain.
Even though the district has more number of tanks, most of the tanks are silted in nature. So the
water holding capacity of the tanks is very poor. This often leads to water scarcity for irrigation
during the critical stages of the crop, especially during maturity. The major crops of Pudukkottai
district are Paddy, Groundnut, Cashew, Sugarcane, Pulses, Fruits,Coconut.

Geology
The district is mainly covered with crystalline metamorphic rock period predominantly
occupying the western part of the district ; the sedimentary formations comprising cretaceous,
tertiary and quaternary periods occupy the eastern and south-eastern part of the district. The stage
of ground water development in all the thirteen blocks is less than 65% of utilizable recharge.

Genocide
Pudukkottai District is a coastal covered district and lies between 9 51’ 0’’ & 10 45, 0’
North latitude and 78 25’ 30’’ and 79 16’ 30’’ East longitude covering a geographical area of
about 4661 sq.km in the South Eastern part of Tamil Nadu.

Agro Ecological Region
Generally Hot and dry with moderate moisture availability, but the coastal plain including
Cauvery delta has moderately large moisture availability.

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Agro climatic zone: Cauvery delta zone and southern zone.

Physiographic and Drainage
Pudukkottai district has an undulating topography with a general genital slope
general
towards Southeast. Small hillocks are seen in the Northern, Western and Southern part of the
district. Alluvial plains of Agniar, Ambuliar and coastal plains occupy the Aranthangi,
Avudaiyarkoil and Manamelkudi blocks in the Southeastern part of the district.

Rainfall Details

Climate of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu is largely dependent on the monsoon rains, the failing of which
sometimes leads to droughts in the country. The climate Tamil Nadu varies from dry sub sub-
humid to semi-arid. There are 3 distinct times of rainfall in Tamil Nadu, namely the South
d.
West monsoon from the months of June to September characterized by heavy southwest
winds; the North East monsoons from the months of October to December, characterized by
northeast winds; and the dry season from the months of January to May. The annual rainfall
inds;
of the state is approximately 945 mm (37.2 in), of which 32% is the South West monsoon and
48% is the North East monsoon. The state can be divided into 7 agro- climatic zones: north-
agro
west, north-east, southern, west, high altitude hilly, high rainfall, and Cauvery Delta.
east,

Rainfall Details On Pudukkottai Dist
Climate and Rainfall
• Climate is mainly tropical in nature with a cooler period from December to
February.
• Maximum average temperature is 24C- 43C.
emperature
• Rainfall is variable both annually and seasonally. The annual rainfall ranges from
496.4mm to 1032 mm in the last 10 years period.

• The season wise rainfall pattern of the district is as below:

1. Winter period 52.2 mm
2. Summer period 123.6 mm
3. South West monsoon period 350.0 mm
4. Northeast monsoon period 392.1 mm

52.2
123.6
WINTER
392.1
SUMMER
350 SW MONSOON
NW MONSOON

135


Rainwater Harvesting

A Glance of RWH

Figure shows the State wise Rainwater Harvesting

The principle of collecting and using precipitation from a catchments surface.
An old technology is gaining popularity in a new way. Rain water harvesting is
enjoying a renaissance of sorts in the world, but it traces its history to biblical times.
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water
restrictions and in developed countries is often used to supplement the mains supply.
Rainwater harvesting systems are appealing as they are easy to understand, install and
operate. They are effective in 'green droughts' as water is captured from rainfall where runoff
is insufficient to flow into dam storages. The quality of captured rainwater is usually
sufficient for most household needs, reducing the need for detergents because rainwater is
soft. Financial benefits to the users include that rain is 'renewable' at acceptable volumes
despite climate change forecasts, and rainwater harvesting systems generally have low
running costs, providing water at the point of consumption.

History
In ancient Tamil Nadu (India), rainwater harvesting was done by Chola
kings. Rainwater from the Brihadeeswarar temple was collected in Sivaganga tank. During
the later Chola period, the Vīrānam tank was built (1011 to 1037 CE) in Cuddalore district
of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-kilometre
(9.9 mi) long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cubic feet (41,500,000 m3).

At Present
India
• In India, rain water harvesting was first introduced by Andhra Pradesh ex-Chief
Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu. He made a rule that every house which is going to built
in cities of that state must have a percolation pit/rainwater harvesting system. This rule
increased the ground water level in good phase.

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• In the state of Tamil Nadu, rainwater harvesting was made compulsory for every building
to avoid ground water depletion. It proved excellent results within five years, and every
other state took it as role model. Since its implementation, Chennai saw a 50 percent rise
in water level in five years and the water quality significantly improved.
• In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of
the Thar Desert. There are many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, which
have now been revived

Need Of Rwh
Rain water harvesting is essential because:
• Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and we have to depend on
ground water
• Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has
decreased drastically and recharging of ground water has diminished.
Rainwater Harvesting Techniques
The two main techniques of rainwater harvesting are:
• Storage of Rainwater on surface for future use.
• Recharge of Ground water
The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures
used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc.

Components Of A Rainwater Harvesting System
A rainwater harvesting system comprises components of various stages -
transporting rainwater through pipes or drains, filtration, and storage in tanks for reuse or
recharge.
The common components of a rainwater harvesting system involved in these stages
are illustrated here.
1.Catchments
The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives the
rainfall and provides water to the system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of
a building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced cement
concrete (RCC), galvanised iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.

2.Coarse mesh at the roof to prevent the passage of debris
3.Gutters
Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the
storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using
4.Conduits
Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area
to the harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or
galvanized iron (GI), materials that are commonly available.
5.First-flushing
A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the first spell of rain is
flushed out and does not enter the system. This needs to be done since the first spell of rain
carries a relatively larger amount of pollutants from the air and catchment surface.

137


6.Filter
The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof.
A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand and gravel
layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or recharges
structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration. In a simple sand filter that
can be constructed domestically, the top layer comprises coarse sand followed by a 5-10 mm
layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of gravel and boulders.

i) Charcoal water filter
A simple charcoal filter can be made in a drum or an earthen pot. The filter is made of
gravel, sand and charcoal, all of which are easily available.

(ii)Sand Filters
Sand filters have commonly available sand as filter media. Sand filters are easy and
inexpensive to construct. These filters can be employed for treatment of water to effectively
remove turbidity (suspended particles like silt and clay), colour and microorganisms.
In a simple sand filter that can be constructed domestically, the top layer comprises
coarse sand followed by a 5-10 mm layer of gravel followed by another 5-25 cm layer of
gravel and boulders.

Source: A water harvesting manual for urban
areas

Artificial Recharge To Ground Water
Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is
augmented at a rate exceeding that obtaining under natural conditions or replenishment. At
man-made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer may be considered to be an
artificial recharge system.

138


Urbanisation Effects On Groundwater Hydrology
• Increase in water demand
r
• More dependence on ground water use
• Over exploitation of ground water
• Increase in run-off, decline in well yields and fall in water levels
off,
• Reduction in open soil surface area
• Reduction in infiltration and deterioration in water quality
Methods Of Artificial Recharge In Urban Areas
• Water spreading
• Recharge through pits,trenches,wells,shafts
• Roof top collection of rainwater
• Roadtop collection of rainwater
• Induced recharge from surface water bodies
Artificial recharge methods can be classified into two broad groups
tw
(i) direct methods, and (ii) indirect methods.

Direct Methods

(a) Surface Spreading Techniques
The most widely practised methods of artificial recharge of groundwater employ
different techniques of increasing the contact area and resident time of surface-water with the
water
soil so that maximum quantity of water can infiltrate and augment the groundwater storage.
Areas with gently sloping land without gullies or ridges are most suited for surface-water
surface
spreading techniques.

Flooding
The technique of flooding is very useful in selected areas where a favourable hydro
que hydro-
geological situation exists for recharging the unconfined aquifer by spreading the surplus
surface-water from canals / streams over large area for sufficiently long period so that it
water
recharges the groundwater body. This technique can be used for gently sloping land with
slope around 1 to 3 percentage points without gullies and ridges.

139


Ditches and Furrows
In areas with irregular topography, shallow, flat-bottomed and closely spaced ditches
and furrows provide maximum water contact area for recharging water from the source
stream or canal. This technique requires less soil preparation than the recharge basin
technique and is less sensitive to silting.
Recharge Basins
Artificial recharge basins are either excavated or enclosed by dykes or levees. They
are commonly built parallel to ephemeral or intermittent stream-channels. The water contact
area in this method is quite high which typically ranges from 75 to 90 percentage points of
the total recharge area. In this method, efficient use of space is made and the shape of basins
can be adjusted to suite the terrain condition and the available space.

(b) Sub-Surface Techniques
When impervious layers overlie deeper aquifers, the infiltration from surface cannot
recharge the sub-surface aquifer under natural conditions. The techniques adopted to recharge
the confined aquifers directly from surface-water source are grouped under sub-surface
recharge techniques.

Injection Wells
Injection wells are structures similar to a tube well but with the purpose of
augmenting the groundwater storage of a confined aquifer by “pumping in” treated surface-
water under pressure. The aquifer to be replenished is generally one that is already over
exploited by tube well pumping and the declining trend of water levels in the aquifer has set
in.
Gravity-Head Recharge Wells
In addition to specially designed injection wells, ordinary bore wells and dug wells
used for pumping may also be alternatively used as recharge wells, whenever source water
becomes available. In certain situations, such wells may also be constructed for effecting
recharge by gravity inflow. In areas where water levels are currently declining due to over-
development, using available structures for inducing recharge may be the immediately
available economic option.
Connector Wells
Connector wells are special type of recharge wells where, due to difference in
potentiometer head in different aquifers, water can be made to flow from one aquifer to other
without any pumping. The aquifer horizons having higher heads start recharging aquifer
having lower heads.
Recharge pits
Recharge pits are structures that overcome the difficulty of artificial recharge of
phreatic aquifer from surface-water sources. Recharge pits are excavated of variable
dimensions that are sufficiently deep to penetrate less permeable strata. A canal trench is a
special case of recharge pit dug across a canal bed. An ideal site for canal trench is influent
stretch of a stream that shows up as dry patch. One variation of recharge pit is a contour
trench extending over long distances across the slope and following topographical contour.
This measure is more suitable in piedmont regions and in areas with higher surface gradients.
Recharge Shafts
In case, poorly permeable strata overlie the water table aquifer located deep below
land surface, a shaft is used for causing artificial recharge. A recharge shaft is similar to a
recharge pit but much smaller in cross-section.

140


Indirect Methods

(a) Induced Recharge
It is an indirect method of artificial recharge involving pumping from aquifer
hydraulically connected with surface water, to induce recharge to the groundwater reservoir.
In hard rock areas, the abandoned channels often provide good sites for induced recharge.
The greatest advantage of this method is that under favourable hydro-geological situations,
the quality of surface-water generally improves due to its path through the aquifer materials
before it is discharged from the pumping well.

Pumping Wells
Induced recharge system is installed near perennial streams that are hydraulically
connected to an aquifer through the permeable rock material of the stream-channel. The outer
edge of a bend in the stream is favourable for location of well site. The chemical quality of
surface-water source is one of the most important considerations during induced recharge.

Collector Wells
For obtaining very large water supplies from river-bed, lake-bed deposits or
waterlogged areas, collector wells are constructed. The large discharges and lower lift heads
make these wells economical even if initial capital cost is higher as compared to tube well. In
areas where the phreatic aquifer adjacent to the river is of limited thickness, horizontal wells
may be more appropriate than vertical wells. Collector well with horizontal laterals and
infiltration galleries can get more induced recharge from the stream.

Infiltration Gallery
Infiltration galleries are other structures used for tapping groundwater reservoir below
river-bed strata. The gallery is a horizontal perforated or porous structure (pipe) with open
joints, surrounded by a gravel filter envelope laid in permeable saturated strata having
shallow water table and a perennial source of recharge. The galleries are usually laid at
depths between 3 to 6 metres to collect water under gravity flow. The galleries can also be
constructed across the river-bed if the river-bed is not too wide. The collector well is more
sophisticated and expensive but has higher capacities than the infiltration gallery. Hence,
choice should be made by the required yield followed by economic aspects.

(b) Aquifer Modification
These techniques modify the aquifer characteristics to increase its capacity to store
and transmit water. With such modifications, the aquifer, at least locally, becomes capable of
receiving more natural as well as artificial recharge. Hence, in a sense these techniques are
artificial yield augmentation measures rather than artificial recharge measures.

(c) Groundwater Conservation Structures
The water artificially recharged into an aquifer is immediately governed by natural
groundwater flow regime. It is necessary to adopt groundwater conservation measures so that
the recharged water remains available when needed.

Groundwater Dams / Underground Barriers
A groundwater dam is a sub-surface barrier across stream that retards the natural
groundwater flow of the system and stores water below ground surface to meet the demands
during the period of greatest need. The main purpose of groundwater dam is to arrest the flow

141


of groundwater out of the sub-basin and increase the storage within the aquifer. The sub
basin sub-
surface barriers need not be only across the canal bed. In some micro watersheds, sub-surface
sub
dykes can be put to conserve the groundwater flow in larger area in a valley. Sites have to be
erve
located in areas where there is a great scarcity of water during the summer months or there is
a need for additional water for irrigation.

Data Collection And Analysis

To study about the rainwater harvesting system and ground water recharge the
following data’s are collected from the respective department in the district of pudukkottai.

Annual Rainfall Details

Month NORMAL 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
January 3.95 1 5.3 1.25 6.2 9.9 1.4 14.36 2.01
FEBRAURY 32.3 23 0 1.95 38 0 0 7.14 0
WINTER 36.25 24 5.3 3.2 44.2 9.9 1.4 21.5 2.01
March 24.7 6.9 42 0 185.3 3.9 0 3.66 0
APRIL 29.1 76.6 39.2 19.7 19 46.6 6.6 54.05 22.12
MAY 69.9 61.5 32.3 21.2 15.7 36.3 103.2 37.2 28.94
SUMMER 123.7 145 113.5 40.9 220 86.8 109.8 94.91 51.06
June 39.2 14.8 74.1 46.6 23.2 32 52.4 35.7 9.44
JULY 46 66.6 10.5 50.6 58.2 27.1 44.9 56.5 29.51
AUGUST 102.3 85.3 74.8 167.6 158.5 54.2 106.3 116.08 95.98
SEPTEMBER 98.2 112.9 66 49.8 27.8 113.7 171.5 109.6 128.1
S.W.MONSOON 285.7 279.6 225.4 314.6 267.7 227 375.1 317.88 263.03
OCTOBER 192.3 197.2 213.4 195.3 196.5 36.9 123.2 213.2 262.2
NOVEMBER 239.8 453.9 239.8 51.8 343.7 324.9 257.4 283.7 51.6
DECEMBER 96.1 161.1 24.2 284.7 63.8 163.9 131.3 37.7 9.8
N.E.MONSOON 528.2 812.2 477.4 531.8 604 525.7 511.9 534.6 323.6

Seasonal Rainfall

3000 Grand Total
2000 N.E.Monsoon
S.W.Monsoon
1000
Summer
0
Winter
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

142


• Annual Rainfall Details

SL.NO YEAR RAINFALL IN MM
1 2005 1260.8
2 2006 821.6
3 2007 890.5
4 2008 1135.9
5 2009 849.4
6 2010 998.2
7 2011 969.1
8 2012 639.7

RAIN FALL
1400
1200 1260.8
1135.9
1000 998.2 969.1
821.6 890.5 849.4
800
600 639.7
400
200
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

COMPUTATION OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE BY ROOFTOP HARVESTING

The computation was carried out in Individual Buildings and Multistoried Buildings as
follows:
1. Average Roof Top Area for Individual Buildings
Buildings:100Sqm
2. Average Rainfall of Pudukkottai Dist: 923mm
Dist
3. Effective Annual Rainfall contributing to Recharge :70%
4. Considering Losses:30%
5. Total rainfall collected in the year = 0.923 x 100 = 92.3 cum
6. Quantity available for recharge per Annum : 92.3 x 0.7 = 64.6cum/yr
7. Average family size:4Nos
ly
8. Zone: Residential Zone
9. Per capita stipulated for domestic use :135lpcd
10. Per capita availability of rainwater:64.6/4 = 16.15cum/yr

143


SL.NO DESCRIPTION INDIVIDUAL HOUSES MULTISTORIED BUILDINGS

01 Roof top area 100 sq.m 200 sq.m 500 Sq.m 1000Sq.m

Total Quantity
available for 129.2
02 64.6 cu.m 323.05 646.1
recharge per cu.m
Annum
Per Capita
32.30
03 Demand per 16.15 cu.m 80.76 161.525
cu.m
Annum

The computation was carried out in Multistoried Buildings as follows:
1. Average Roof Top Area for Individual Buildings:500Sqm
In
2. Average Rainfall of Pudukkottai Dist: 923mm
3. Effective Annual Rainfall contributing to Recharge :70%
4. Considering Losses:30%
5. Total rainfall collected in the year = 0.923 x 500 = 461.5cum/year
6. Quantity available for recharge per Annum : 461.5 x 0.7 = 323.05cum/yr
Annum
7. Average family size:4Nos
8. Zone: Residential Zone
9. Per capita stipulated for domestic use :135lpcd
10. Per capita availability of rainwater:323.05/4 = 80.76cum/yr
lity 80.76

Qty of Water for Recharge
300

200

100 258.4 Qty of Water for
129.2 193.8 Recharge
64.6
0
100 200
300
400

Figure shows the Quantity of Harvested Water for Recharging Ground water
d

1400
1292.2
1200
1000 969.15
800 Ground Water
646.1 Recharge Qty
600
400 Per Capita Availability
323.05 323.04
200 242.28
161.52
80.76
0
500 1000 1500 2000

144


Benefits Of Artificial Recharge In Urban Areas

• Improvement in infiltration and reduction in run-off.
run
• Improvement in groundwater levels and yields.
• Reduces strain on Special Village Panchayats/ Municipal / Municipal
Corporation water supply
• Improvement in groundwater quality
• Estimated quantity of additional recharge from 100 sq. m. and 500sq.m
roof top area is64.600 and 323.050 litres.

ROOF TOP AREA(Sq.m) VS ANNUAL RAINFALL(mm)
Roof Top
2010
Area/ 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012
(998.2
Annual (1260.8) (821.6) (890.5)
(8 (1135.9) (849.4) (969.02) (639.65)
)
Year
50 44.13 28.76 31.17 39.76 29.73 34.94 33.92 22.39
100
88.26 57.51 62.34 79.51 59.46 69.87 67.83 44.78
150
132.38 86.27 93.50 119.27 89.19 104.81 101.75 67.16
200
176.51 115.02 124.67 159.03 118.92 139.75 135.66 89.55
250
220.64 143.78 155.84 198.78 148.65 174.69 169.58 111.94
300
264.77 172.54 187.01 238.54 178.37 209.62 203.49 134.33
350 308.90 201.29 218.17 278.30 208.10 244.56 237.41 156.71
400
353.02 230.05 249.34 318.05 237.83 279.50 271.33 179.10
450 397.15 258.80 280.51 357.81 267.56 314.43 305.24 201.49
500
441.28 287.56 311.68 397.57 297.29 349.37 339.16 223.88
1000
882.56 575.12 623.35 795.13 594.58 698.74 678.31 447.76

Roof Top Area/ Annual Year (i)

132.38
119.27
150 104.81101.75
86.27 93.5 89.19
67.16 50
100
100
50 150

0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

145


Roof Top Area/ Annual Year (ii)

300

150
200
250
300
100
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
0

Avg. Rainfall For Avg. Rainfall of
923mm
700
646.1
50 32.305
600 100 64.61
500 150 96.915
200 129.22
400
250 161.525
323.05
300 290.754 Series 1
258.44 300 193.83
226.135
200 193.83 350
161.525 226.135
129.22 400
100 96.915 258.44
64.61
1
32.305 450 290.745
0
500
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1000

323.05
1000 646.1

Cost Analysis

Typical investment cost for rooftop harvesting systems are in range of Rs.4000/ to
Rs.4000/-
Rs.8000/- A completely new structure exclusively for rainwater harvesting would have a cost
involvement as follows:

146


Abstract Estimate

S.NO QTY DESCRI PTION OF WORK RATE UNIT AMOUNT
01 12.60 Earth work excavation for foundation 200.00 M3 2520.00
in all soils including initial lead and lift
etc., and refilling the sides of
foundation in the excavated earth etc.,
complete.
02 0.62 Filling the foundation and basement in 1000 M3 700.00
the clean river sand watering and
ramming to consolidation etc.,
complete.
03 0.62 Cement concrete 1:5:10, using 40mm 1800 M3 1200.00
ISS HBG metal for foundation and
flooring concrete etc.,
04 5.78 Brick work in cement mortar 1:5, using 3700 M3 21300.00
chamber bricks size is standard etc.,
including materials and labour charges
etc., complete.
05 23.00 Plastering in cm 1:5, 12mm thick etc., 150 M2 3450.00
including materials and labour charges
etc., complete.
06 Sand layer L.S 1000.00
07 Pebbles & charcoal L.S 4000.00
08 Water supply arrangements L.S 1000.00
09 Contingencies & other unforeseen L.S 530.00
items.
TOTAL 37000.00

CONCLUSION

From the Project we can conclude that
• Rainwater Harvesting plays a vital role in urbanisation to prevail over the demand of
water.
• Ground water recharge is the major result of Rainwater harvesting
• In the Dist of Pudukkottai which was not having any perennial resource of river, the
storage of rainwater is the only backbone for agriculture and production.
• The sample of study shows that , For 100Sq.m we can recharge ground water with
64.6cu.m of rainfall per year
• Without having any demand, up to 100days we can utilise the harvested rainwater for
our own use.
• The cost of instalment is also worthable to implement such valuable system.
• With the rain harvesting and optimum usage of water, we can able to rebuild our
environment as green city.

147


REFERENCES

1. Kawsal Kishore (2004) “ Rain Water Harvesting “. Journal of Civil Engineering &
Construction Review ,may 2004,P42-P48.
2. Hand book for planning water shed management works” Govt of India, Ministry of
Water Resource CWC, December 2008.
3. WRO _ Pudukkottai.
4. Kumar, M. Dinesh. 2003. Paper: “Roof Water Harvesting for Domestic Water
Security”: Who gains and who loses?
5. Michael Nicklas, “Rainwater, High Performance Buildings”, Summer 2008.
6. “Gawai A.A. and Aswar D.S (2006) “Towards Self Reliance for Water Needs through
Rain Water Harvesting”.
7. “Rain Water Harvesting Technology “ Dr.K.A.Patil & G.K.Patil National Seminar on
8. Rain Water harvesting & Management 11-12, November 2006.
9. IS 10500:1991 :Drinking Water Standards”
10. Rain water Harvesting & Ground Water Recharge “Madharao Bhajirao Deshmukh”.
11. Nadia Khelif, Imed Ben Slimène and M.Moncef Chalbaoui, “Intrinsic Vulnerability
Analysis to Nitrate Contamination: Implications From Recharge in Fate and Transport in
Shallow Groundwater (Case of Moulares-Redayef Mining Basin)”, International Journal
of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 465 - 476,
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.
12. Neeraj D. Sharma and Dr. J. N. Patel, “Experimental Study of Groundwater Quality
Improvement by Recharging With Rainwater”, International Journal of Civil
Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp. 10 - 16,
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.

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