1. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
24
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS AND COMPARISON OF DI
DIESEL ENGINE WORKING ON JATROPHA BIO-DIESEL AND
JATROPHA CRUDE OIL
Manu Ravuri 1
, D.Harsha vardhan 2
, V.Ajay3
, M.Rajasekharreddy4
Assistant Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle-517325, A.P.
ABSTRACT
The performance of diesel engine using jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha crude oil
blended with diesel. Pure jatropha bio-diesel is used and jatropha bio-diesel is blended with
diesel in percentages of jatropha bio-diesel 20%, 30% and 40%. In the same way jatropha oil
is also blended with diesel in percentages of jatropha oil 20%, 30%, and 40%. The
performance test was conducted on twin cylinder stationary DI diesel engine coupled to
swinging field dynamometer. The performance test consists of brake power, brake specific
fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency. This work showed not
much difference in engine performance. Jatropha oil blend can be used as fuel for the next
generation fuel for diesel engine. Instead of going for transesterification of jatropha oil engine
can be operated with crude jatropha oil.
Key words: jatropha bio-diesel, jatropha crude oil, pure jatropha bio-diesel.
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the most important elements to effect world economy and politics is
sustainability of petroleum resources, which is the main source of world energy supply.
However, the world energy demand is increasing rapidly due to excessive use of the fuels but
because of limited reservoirs and instabilities in petrol supplier countries makes difficult to
always provide oil. Also, world is presently confronted with the crisis of fossil fuel depletion.
The increasing demand of petroleum in developing countries like China, Russia and India has
increased oil prices [1]. Diesel engines are mainly used in many fields, including electric
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)
ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)
ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)
Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 24-31
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
IJMET
© I A E M E

2. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
25
production, transport of passenger and cargo, industrial and agricultural activities.
Petroleum fuels are being used in diesel engines, which has a wide range of use in all
sectors. With a probable situation that oil demand cannot be met by petroleum based
fuels, all the sectors that contributed by oil based energy will negatively be effected. With
any probable petrol crises, for all the sectors the alternative fuel is vital to be developed
[2].
Vegetable oils present a very hopeful alternative fuel to diesel oil, since they are
renewable, biodegradable and clean burning, having properties analogous to that of
diesel. They offer similar power output with slightly lesser thermal efficiency due to their
lesser energy content compared to diesel [3]. Bio diesel, produced from different
vegetable oils (soybean, rapeseed and sunflower etc.), have been used in internal
combustion engines without major modifications, with only slightly decreased
performance [4].
Nowadays, global warming caused by CO2 is the main climatic problem in the
world. Therefore, environmental protection is important for the future of the world.
Because the biodiesel is made from renewable sources, it is more convenient to protect
environment from unwanted emissions. Biodiesel is an ecological and non-hazardous fuel
with low emission values, and therefore it is environmentally useful.
Biodiesel can be produced from various feedstocks. A chemical process called
transesterification whereby glycerine is separated from the fat or vegetable oil is used to
produce biodiesel. After the chemical process, two products are left behind: methyl esters
(the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerine (a valuable by product usually sold to be
used in soaps and other products). The usage of biodiesel does not require any changes in
the fuel distribution infrastructure, and it is competitive with petroleum-derived diesel
fuel. Furthermore, it biodegrades much more rapidly than petroleum diesel fuel. Thus,
considerable environmental benefits are provided [5].
Many investigators [6-11] have studied biodiesel fuels as an alternative energy
source for IC engines. Combustion emission levels for biodiesel are more suited
compared with those for the petroleum-based diesel fuel. Biodiesel has low emissions of
carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC).
Some investigators [12-13] have claimed that the photosynthesis recycles carbon dioxide
produced by combustion of biodiesel. Therefore, biodiesel usage may reduce the
greenhouse effect.
Experimental Setup
The set up consists of 4 stroke twin cylinder stationary DI diesel engine coupled to
swinging field dynamometer.
The setup enables study of engine for brake power, indicated power, frictional power,
BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, Mechanical
efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio and heat balance.
The performance characteristics of the engine are evaluated in terms of brake thermal
efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTH),
mechanical efficiency.

3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
26
Make Kirloskar
Out put 10 KW (14 bhp)
Ac generator capacity 10 ka 440v 50 hz 3phase
Bore and stroke 87.5mmx110mm
speed 1500rpm
compression ratio 17.5:1
Torque arm distance 0.3
starting hand cranking
2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1. Brake Power
Table 1 Brake Power developed by engine at increasing electrical loads by using blends
of jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha crude oil
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BP(%)
E Load (KW)
J D 100
J D 20
J D 30
J D 40
Figure 1 Brake Power VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine with jatropha bio-
diesel and jatropha bio-diesel blends
E LOAD J D 100 J D 20 J D 30 J D 40 J Oil 20 J Oil 30 J Oil 40
1.5 2.076 2.061 2.044 2.072 2.058 2.076 2.297
3 3.435 3.396 3.372 3.430 3.642 3.437 3.652
4.5 5.221 5.168 5.136 5.207 5.407 5.463 5.441
6 7.166 7.136 7.092 7.175 7.374 7.430 7.18
7.5 9.503 8.791 8.748 8.840 9.048 9.124 9.093

4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
27
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
BP(KW)
E Load (KW)
J Oil 20
J Oil 30
J Oil 40
Figure 2 Brake Power VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine with jatropha crude
oil blends.
The brake power developed by the engine using Jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha
crude oil at different loads are presented in Table 1. It can be seen from the table that the
maximum brake power of 9.503 KW. was developed by the engine while using with jatropha
diesel 100%. The corresponding engine speed was 1435 RPM.
The brake power produced by the engine by using jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha
crude oil is all most the same amount of power is observed. Only jatropha bio-diesel is
producing little bit more power at full load that can be observed from figure 1 and figure 2
2.2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
BSFC(g/KW-hr)
Eload(KW)
JD100
JD20
JD30
JD40
Figure 3 Brake specific fuel consumption VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine
with jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha bio-diesel blends

5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
28
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
BSFC(g/KW-hr)
Eload(KW)
JO20
JO30
JO40
Figure 4 Brake specific fuel consumption VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine
with jatropha crude oil blends
The relation between engine load and brake specific fuel consumption for different
blends are shown in figure 3 and figure 4. The figures show that the brake specific fuel
consumption has decreased with an increase in engine load and increased. This is the fact that
brake power of the engine increases with an increase in brake load, but after a certain
percentage of maximum load, any for their increase in brake load caused only a small
increase in brake power. The difference in BSFC is reflection of the difference in fuel density
and calorific value of fuel used.
2.3. Brake Thermal Efficiency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
BTH(%)
Eload(KW)
JD100
JD20
JD30
JD40
Figure 5 Brake thermal efficiency VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine with
jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha bio-diesel blends.

6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
29
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
BTH(%)
Eload(KW)
J0il 20
J0il 30
J0il 40
Figure 6 Brake thermal efficiency VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine with
jatropha crude oil blends.
The relation between engine load and brake thermal efficiency for the jatropha bio-
diesel and jatropha oil are shown in figure 5 and figure 6. The figures show jatropha bio-
diesel pure i.e. is not blended with diesel is giving better performance compared with all
blends of jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha oil. The jatropha bio-diesel blends are giving less
brake thermal efficiency compared with pure jatropha bio-diesel. When coming to 40%
jatropha oil blend is giving batter brake thermal efficiency.
It is very predominant that brake thermal efficiency is increasing according to the
increase in load but at particular load it started decreasing it’s because the increase in specific
fuel consumption had increased at the same load. This indicates the fuel is not combusting
totally. That is the reason brake thermal efficiency is decreasing.
2.4. Mechanical Efficiency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
MechanicalEfficiency(%)
Eload (KW)
JD100
JD20
JD30
JD40
Figure 7 M efficiency VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine with jatropha bio-
diesel and jatropha bio-diesel blends.

7. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
MechanicalEfficiency(%)
E load (KW)
JO 20
JO 30
JO 40
Figure 8 Mechanical efficiency VS Electrical Load plotted while operated engine with
jatropha crude oil blends
The relation between engine load and mechanical efficiency for different blends of
jatropha bio-diesel, pure jatropha bio-diesel and jatropha oil are shown in figure 7 and figure
8. The figures show mechanical efficiency of engine operated with jatropha bio-diesels are all
most the same efficiency coming to jatropha oil its showing 40% jatropha oil is giving batter
mechanical efficiency compared with jatropha oil blends and jatropha bio-diesel. The reason
for increase of mechanical efficiency is decrease in heat input. Heat input is decreased
because calorific value is decreased and density is increased.
3. CONCLUSIONS
• The performance of jatropha oil blend compared with jatropha bio-diesel is giving
more or less the same values.
• This represents that jatropha crude oil blend can be used for engines as the fuel.
• This can say that cost, energy and time for transesterification are reduced.
REFERENCES
[1] Report of petroleum market. Energy market regulatory authority, <http://
www.epdk.gov.tr>; 2007.
[2] Cengiz Oner, S_ehmus Altun, Biodiesel production from inedible animal tallow and an
experimental investigation of its use as alternative fuel in a direct injection diesel engine.
Applied Energy 2009;86;2114–2120.
[3] Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG, Yaliwal VS, Kambalimath Satish, Basavarajappa YH.
Combustion characteristics of a 4-stroke CI engine operated on Honge oil, Neem and Rice
bran oils when directly injected and dual fuelled with producer gas induction. Renew Energy
2009;34:1884–7.
[4] Carraretto C, Macor A, Mirandola A, Stoppato A, Tonon S. Biodiesel as alternative fuel:
Experimental analysis and energetic evaluations. Energy 2004;29:2195–211.
[5] Duran, A., Lapuerta, M., & Rodriuez-Fernandez, J. (2005). Neural networks estimation of
diesel particulate matter composition from transesterified waste oils blends. Fuel, 84(16),
2080–2085.

8. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –
6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) © IAEME
31
[6] Chang, Y. Z., Van Gerpen, J. H., Lee, I., Johnson, L. A., Hammond, E. G., & Marley, S.
J. Fuel properties and emissions of soybean oil esters as diesel fuel. Journal of the American
Oil Chemists’ Society, 1996, 73(11), 1549–1555.
[7] Dorado, M. P., Ballesteros, E., Arnal, J. M., Gomez, J., & Lopez Gimenez, F. J. Testing
waste olive methyl ester as a fuel in a diesel engine. Energy and Fuels, 2003, 17(6), 1560–
1565.
[8] Ozsezen, A. N., Canakci, M., & Sayin, C. Effects of biodiesel from used frying palm oil
on the performance, injection, and combustion characteristics of an indirect injection diesel
engine. Energy and Fuels, 2008, 22(2), 1297–1305.
[9] Schumacher, L. G., Marshall, W., Krahl, J., Wetherell, W. B., & Grabowski, M. S.
Biodiesel emissions data from Series 60 DDC engines. Transactions of the ASAE, 2001,
44(6), 1465–1468.
[10] Ulusoy, Y., Tekin, Y., Cetinkaya, M., & Karaosmanog˘lu, F. The engine tests of
biodiesel from used frying oils. Energy Sources, 2004, 26(10), 927–932.
[11] Yoshimoto, Y., Onodera, M., & Tamaki, H. Reduction of NOx, smoke, and bsfc in a
diesel engine fueled by biodiesel emulsion with used frying oil. SAE Paper, 1999, No. 1999-
01-3598.
[12] Agarwal, A. K., & Das, L. M. Biodiesel development and characterization for use as a
fuel in compression ignition engines. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines Power, 2001,
123(2), 440–447.
[13] Peterson, C. L., & Hustrulid, T. Carbon cycle for rapeseed oil biodiesel fuels. Biomass
and Bioenergy, 1998, 14(2), 91–101.
[14] Pundlik R. Ghodke and Dr. J. G. Suryawanshi, “Simulation and Optimization of HSDI
Diesel Engine for Suv to Meet Bharat 4 Emission Norms in India”, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 494 - 510,
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[15] Jagadale S.S. and Jugulkar L.M., “Performance Characteristics of Single Cylinder Diesel
Engine using Blend of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel”, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 754 - 768, ISSN Print:
0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.
[16] Prof. A.V.Mehta, M. G. Joshi, G. D. Patel and Saiyad M J.I., “Jatropha Oil with Exhaust
Heat Recovery System in 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine”, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 512 - 520,
ISSN Print: 0976 – 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6359.