1. A
Paper
Presentation on
“Optimizing the Compression Ratio for
C.I. Engine Fuelled with Undi Methyl
and Ethyl Ester & its Blends with
Diesel.”
IV th International Conference on Advances in
Energy Research Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay, Mumbai
Presented by
Mr. Madane Pravin
A.
Guide
Dr. A. T. Pise
Deputy Director DTE Maharashtra state,
Govt. College of Engineering, Karad

2. Outline







Introduction
Preparation of Biodiesel
Experimental Method
Results & Discussion
Conclusion
Future Scope
References

3. Why Biodiesel ??
The ever rising demand of petroleum fuels
Scarce availability of petroleum fuels
 Increasing environmental problems
Shortage & increasing cost of petroleum
fuels

4. Undi (Calophyllum Lin)
found in konkan area and along coastal areas and adjacent
lowland forests costal area.
Fruits - April and May.
Biofuel Yield 40 to 45%
Fig. 1 photo image of Fruits of Undi.

5. Blends Preparation for the Experiment
B10 (10% biodiesel & 90% diesel)
B20 (20% biodiesel & 80% diesel)
B30 (30% biodiesel & 70% diesel)
B40 (40% biodiesel & 60% diesel)
B50 (50% biodiesel & 50% diesel)
B100 (100% biodiesel)

6. PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL BLENDS
 Measured at Nikhil Analytical & Research Laboratory
(Approved by Govt. of India) at room temperature .
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Property
Diesel
Density (gm/cc)
Viscosity (cst)
Flash Point (°C)
Fire Point (°C)
Cal. Value(kJ/kg)
Ash Content (%)
Cetane No.
0.84
2.65
80
110
43800
0.01
50
B10
B20
0.842 0.845
3.15
3.27
80
95
95
133
42700 42470
0.0046 0.005
51
52
B30
B40
B50
B100
0.847
3.4
120
140
41900
0.0054
55
0.85
3.45
139
152
41500
0.0058
57
0.852
3.52
146
162
40800
0.006
58
0.856
3.58
160
170
39210
0.006
60
Table 1: Properties of Undi Methyl ester Blends
No. Property
Diesel
B10
B20
B30
B40
B50
B100
1
Density (gm/cc)
0.84
0.809
0.811
0.816
0.824
0.838
0.854
2
Viscosity (cst)
2.65
3.03
3.16
3.34
3.58
3.99
4.38
3
Flash Point(°C)
80
78
102
125
148
176
200
4
Fire Point (°C)
110
90
110
130
162
182
210
5
Cal. Value (kJ/kg) 43800
42800
42500
41950
41600
40900
39300
6
Ash Content (%)
0.01
0.0043
0.0048
0.0053
0.0058
0.0062
0.007
7
Cetane No.
50
50
51
54
56
57
Table 2: Properties of Undi Ethyl ester Blends
59

7. Higher viscosity is a major problem in using vegetable oil
as fuel for diesel engines.
 The flash and fire points of Undi Methyl and Ethyl ester
was quite high compared to diesel. Hence, Undi Biofuel is
extremely safe to handle.
 Higher carbon residue from may possibly lead to higher
carbon deposits in combustion chambers of the engine. It
can also lead to choking and trumpet formation on the
injectors to such an extent that fuel atomization will not
occur properly.

Presence of oxygen in fuel improves combustion
properties and emissions but reduces the calorific value of
the fuel. Undi Methyl and Ethyl ester has approximately
90% calorific value compared to diesel.


8. Experimental Method
 Test Rig.
Specifications of Engine
Make
Legion Brothers
Rated Output
3.7 KW
Rated Speed
1500 rpm
Type
Four Stroke
Bore
80 mm
Stroke
CR
110 mm
5:1 to 20:1
Type of
Ignition
SI & CI
Method of
Loading
Eddy Current
dynamometer
Method of
Starting
Manual Crank
starting
Method of
Cooling
Water Cooling

9. Schematic diagram Experimental
Set-up

10. • The pressure transducer was mounted into the engine head
which measures the combustion pressure having accuracy of
0.0001 bars.
• NEETAL Ltd make five gas analyzer was used to measure
the exhaust emissions. Emissions CO, CO2,and O2are
measured in terms of percentage having accuracy of
0.01%.Also the other emissions like HC, NOx in ppm with
accuracy 1 (ppm) were measured.
• A Hartridge Smoke Meter was used to measure the smoke
density of the engine having accuracy 1 HSU.
• The K type thermocouples were used to measure the
temperatures of the engine exhaust, calorimeter exhaust,
water inlet of calorimeter, water outlet of calorimeter and
engine cooling water outlet with least count of0.1 0C.

11. Experimental Procedure summary
Sr.
No.
Engine Compression Ratio
(Kg)
16
1
Diesel
√
2
B10
√
3
Load Steps
Fuel
B20
√
4
B30
√
5
B40
√
6
B50
√
7
B100
√
17
18
19
20
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5,
10.0

12. Results & Discussion
From the measured parameters the performance
parameters computed and they were compared with pure
diesel.
Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)
Carbon Monoxide(CO %)
Carbon Dioxide(CO2 %)
Hydrocarbons (HC)
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
Smoke Density (HSU)

13.  Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE)

14. BTE increases with the load and it reaches maximum at the
full load at each CR.
The trend indicates that BTE increased as the CR increased
while it decreased as the percentage of the diesel increased.
At higher CR, BTE almost higher for blended fuels. This can
be attributed to the poor combustion at lower compression
ratio for blended fuels.
The self-ignition temperature of the biodiesel blends is more
than that of the diesel. Increased compression ratio increases
the air temperature inside the cylinder consequently reducing
ignition lag causing better and more complete burning of fuel.
The performance of biodiesel blends is better at a higher
compression ratio.

15. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC)

16. • Minimum values of BSFC for different compression ratios is
given in kg/kW.hr.
• The average Brake Specific Fuel Consumption for biodiesel
blended fuels is more than the diesel
• ethyl esters have less BSFC than methyl esters because of
ethyl esters have high calorific value than methyl esters when
blended with diesel
• The difference in calorific values of diesel and biodiesel is
decreases as the percentage of biodiesel decreases. This causes
more BSFC values for biodiesel blends than diesel.

17. Carbon monoxide(CO)

18.  For Methyl & Ethyl esters minimum percentage of Carbon
monoxide for different compression ratios is given in
Percentage. The amount of CO emissions was measured lower
in case of biodiesel blends than diesel. Ethyl esters have less
CO% than Methyl esters.
 This might be due to more (11%) oxygen molecules in the
biodiesel that causes complete combustion of fuel which leads
to reduction of CO emissions.
 The more oxygen present in biodiesel acts as a combustion
promoter inside the cylinder results in better combustion and CO
reduces drastically.
 Hence due to incomplete combustion the CO present in the
exhaust reduces drastically for biodiesel blended fuels.

19. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

20. •For Methyl & Ethyl esters minimum percentage of Carbon
monoxide for different compression ratios is given in
Percentage
•Methyl ester have higher value CO2 emissions than ethyl ester.
•As the load and CR increases percentage of emissions also
increases for methyl esters but there is no much changes for ethyl
esters.
•In the range of whole engine load, the CO2 emissions of diesel fuel
are all higher than that of the other fuels
•all cases reduction of CO2 production was observed with increase in
biodiesel percentage in blends for each load in constant speed test

21. Hydrocarbons(HC)

22. • For Methyl & Ethyl ester minimum value of hydrocarbons for
different compression ratios is given in ppm
• Values of HC is minimum Because of higher values of oxygen in
biofuel

23. Nitrogen Oxide(NOx)

24. • For Methyl & Ethyl ester minimum value of Nitric oxide for
different compression ratios is given in ppm
• Ethyl esters have less NOx emission than methyl ester because of
oxygen content decreased during production process
• The NOx emission is strongly related to lean fuel with high cylinder
temperature or high peak combustion temperature. A fuel with high
heat release rate at premix or rapid combustion phase and lower heat
release rate mixing. This increase of NOx production was due to
presence of more oxygen in biodiesel.
• When the percentage of biofuel in diesel increases the Nox.

25. Smoke Density(HSU)

26. For Methyl & Ethyl ester minimum value of Smoke density for
different compression ratios is given in ppm
As the load increases the smoke level from engine also
increases for diesel and biodiesel blended fuels
 methyl ester have less Smoke Density value than ethyl ester
The engine exhaust contains solid carbon soot which is
generated during combustion seen as exhaust smoke

27. Conclusion
 The biodiesel blends performance found better at higher
compression ratios. At these compression ratios higher BTE
and lower BSFC found.
 The Undi Methyl and Ethyl ester and its biodiesel blends
performance found better at optimum compression ratio of 20
At this compression ratios higher BTE and lower BSFC found.
All the exhaust emissions (i.e. CO, CO2, HC, NOx, HSU) for
Undi Methyl and Ethyl ester is lower at 20 compression ratio.

28. Undi Methyl ester is more beneficial than Undi Ethyl Ester
because it have Higher BTE, less BSFC and lower exhaust
emissions than Undi ethyl esters
From engine test results, it has been established that
Undi,Palm and Simarouba biodiesel can be substituted for
existing diesel in CI engine without any major modifications.
Higher viscosity is a major problem in using vegetable oil as
fuel for diesel engines. Significant reduction in viscosity was
achieved by heating the oil and dilution of vegetable oil with
diesel in varying proportions
 biodiesel along with diesel reduces the environmental
impacts of transportation, dependency on crude oil imports and
offers business possibilities to agricultural enterprises for period
of excess agricultural production.

29. Scope for Future
Work
 Study the effect of varying injection angle on the engine
performance.
 Study the effect on the engine performance and engine
emissions by changing the injection pressure with each
compression ratio.
 Optimizing the swirl level by using a masked inlet valve.
 Lifecycle testing of engine with biodiesel is required so that
the effects on the various components can be observed.

30. REFERENCES
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Agarwal D, Agarwal AK. Performance and emission
characteristics of Jatropha oil in a direct injection compression
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[2] Rao A, Mohan P. Performance Evaluation of DI and IDI Engi nes
with Jatropha Oil based Biodiesel. Agriculture Journal.2005:
86:72-76
[3] Reddy JN, Ramesh A. Parametric studies for improving the
performance of a Jatropha oil-fuelled compression ignition engine.
Renewable Energy 2006:31: 1994-016.
[4] Singh R, Singh S, Pathak B. Performance of renewable fuel based
C I engine. Agricultural Engineering International CIGR Journal
2007: Manuscript EE 0014. IX.

31. [5] Reheman H, Ghadge SV. Performance of diesel engine with
biodiesel at varying compression ratio and ignition timing. Fuel
2008: 2659-66.
[6] Singh I, Rastogi V. Performance analysis of a modified fourstroke engine using biodiesel fuel for irrigation purpose.
International Journal of applied envir sciences 2009: ISSN 09736077: VI 4-2.
[7] Rao R, Raju VR, Rao MM. Optimizing the compression ratio for
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engines using biodiesel as fuel. Amman-Jorden, GCREEDER
(2009).