Articulators/ cosmetic dentistry training

INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Evolution
&
Development
of
Articulators

Introduction

Definition:
A mechanical instrument that
represents the temporomandibular
joint and jaws, to which maxillary
and mandibular casts may be attached
to simulate some or all mandibular
movement. (GPT-7)
ARTICULATOR

H
I
s
t
o
r
y

.
The Plaster Articulator
The plaster articulator devised by Philip Pfaff in 1756

The origin of mechanical hinge
articulator -1805 J B Gariot
The first mechanical articulator

The Howarth Articulator 1830s.

The barn door hinge articulator
(Plane line articulator)
Vertical stop at anterior end introduced

James Cameron’s
articulator 1840
Evans’ articulator
1840
The first US patented articulators

Daniel T Evens’ articulator 1840
First to imitate mandibular movements – but not successful

Fixed condylar guide articulators (1858)
Bonwill’s
Starr’s Ante-lewiswww.indiandentalacademy.com

50 years later………..

Richmond Hayes 1889
Fixed descending condylar path - incorporated

History to be
continued………..www.indiandentalacademy.com

MANDIBULAR MOVEMENTS

Frontal plane Horizontal plane
Sagittal plane

Intra border functional movements

Condylar Guidance
1. Mandibular guidance generated by the condyle and articular disc
traversing the contour of the glenoid fossa
2. The mechanical form located in the upper posterior region of an
articulator that controls the movements of its mobile members.

Bennet movement
Bodily shift of the mandible toward the working side during
lateral excursion
Immediate / Early side shift
Progressive side shift

Gritmans articulator 1889
George B snow-15 degrees condylar guidance

Early development of face-bow-1889
Articulating caliper Jaw gage-1894

Traditional face- bow 1899
George B snow-Face-bow & orientation of occlusal plane

Wadsworth articulator and face-bow 1921
Third point of reference-Naso-optic-condylar triangle

Later-infra orbital pointer - Hanau

Francis H Balkwil 1886
Angle formed between the plane of two lines drawn from the
articulating surfaces of the condyles to the occlusal plane-
estimated to be 26 degreeswww.indiandentalacademy.com

But a puzzle was still to be answered
?
Why are the condylar guides fixed?

First adjustable condylar guide articulators
William earnest walker-Physiological articulators
Walkers Facial
clinometerwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Recording the condylar guidance
Christensens interocclusal wax record

Next innovation………..www.indiandentalacademy.com

Incisal Pin & Guide Feature
Luce articulator 1911 Eltner articulator 1912
Anterior guidance concept introducedwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Anterior guidance
1. The influence of the contacting surfaces of anterior teeth on
tooth limiting mandibular movements
2.The fabrication of the relationship of the anterior teeth
limiting mandibular movements

Condylar guidance
Incisal guidance
Compensatory curve Orientation of occlusal plane
Thielmans Formula CG . IG CI . CC . OP
Functional
movements
Cuspal inclination

Gysi series of articulators
Snow acme articulator

Articulators based on Geometric theories
of Mandibular movements
Monson’s
spherical
theory
Hall’s
conical
theory
Bonwill’s
Equilateral
theory

Bonwill’s Equilateral theory

Monson’s spherical theory

Hall’s conical theory
Alligator
Hall articulatorwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Classificatio
n
l
a
s
s
I
f
I
c
a
t
I
o
n

Adaptable or Adjustable
Average or Fixed type
Two dimensional instrument
Three dimensional instrument
i. Suspension instrument
ii. Axis instrument and
iii. Tripod instrument
GILLIS(1926)
BOUCHER (1934)
BECK’S (1962)

i. Arbitrary
ii. Positional
iii. Semi adjustable
iv. Fully adjustable
1. Plain line
2. Mean value
3. Adjustable
WEINBERG (1963)
POSSELT’S (1968)

Functional
Axis type
Non axis type
Static type
Functional type
Axis type
Non axis type
C.J. THOMAS (1973)
Arbitrary
Positional

1. Simple hinge type
2. Fixed guide type,
3. Adjustable instruments
JOHN J. SHARRY (1974)
HALPERIN et al
i. Simple or Hinge articulators
ii. Fully adjustable articulators
iii. Semi adjustable articulators
Arcon
Non-arcon

Rectilinear
Curvilinear
(1)the theories of occlusion
(2) the types of records used for their adjustment.
a) Those utilizing the Inter occlusal records.
b) Those using the Graphic record adjustment.
c) Those utilizing hinge-axis location for adjusting
the articulator.
HALPERIN
BOUCHER

CHARLES M. HEARTWELL Jr
Class II
Type 1 (Hinge)
Type 2 (Arbitrary)
Types 3 (Average)
Type 4 (Special)
Class I

Class I.
Subdivision A
Subdivision B
Class II.
Subdivision A
Subdivision B
Subdivision C
Class III.
Subdivision A
Subdivision B
Class IV.
Subdivision A
Subdivision B
International prosthodontics workshop
(university of michigan in 1972)

A Simple holding instrument capable of accepting a single
static registration.
Subdivision A: Vertical motion is
possible, but only for convenience.
The Corelator
(Denar Corp.)
The Verticulator
(Jelenko)
Class I. Articulator
International prosthodontics workshop (university of michigan in 1972)

Subdivision B: Vertical motion
is joint related.
The Centric relator (Denar Corp)
This instrument rotates on the
terminal arc registered by a
face-bow that ensures a positive
centric .
Class I. Articulator

Subdivision A: Eccentric
motion permitted is based
on average or arbitrary
values
Gysi Simplex Articulator
An instrument that permits horizontal as well as vertical motion
but does not orient the motion to the temporomandibular joints.
Class II. Articulator

Subdivision B: Eccentric
motion permitted is based
on theories of arbitrary
motion.
The Monson Maxillo-
mandibular articulatorShofu Handy II Articulator

Subdivision C:
Eccentric motion
permitted is
determined by the
patient using
engraving methods.
The Gnathic Relator

Instruments that simulate condylar pathways by using averages or
mechanical equivalents for all or part of the motion. These
instruments allow for orientation of the cast relative to the joints and
may be arcon or nonarcon instruments, accept facebows, and have
mounting plates for unlimited case load.
Subdivision A: Instruments
that accept static protrusive
registrations and use
equivalents for the rest of the
motion.
Hanau Nonarcon H2
Class III. Articulator
Dentatus articulator

Subdivision B: Instruments that
accept static lateral protrusive
registrations and use equivalents for
the rest of the motion.
Gysi trubyte
Denar Mark II
Articulator
Hanau-TeledynePanadent Model P
ArticulatorWhipmix Articulator
Class III. Articulator

Subdivision A: The cam
representing the condylar
paths are formed by
registration engraved by the
patient.
Class IV. Articulator
Instruments that will accept three dimensional dynamic registrations.
These instruments allow for orientation of the casts to the
temporomandibular joints and replication of all mandibular
movements.
TMJ-Stereographic instrumentDenar Combi articulator

Class IV. Articulator
Subdivision B: Instruments
that have condylar paths that
can be angled and customized
either by selection from a
variety of curvatures, by
modification, or both.
Stuart ArticulatorDenar D5A Articulator

Can accept one or
two of the following
records:
1. Face bow
2. Centric jaw
relation record
3. Protrusive record.
Can accept all the
following three
records.
1. Face bow
2. Centric jaw
relation record
Can accept all the
following five
records.
1. Face bow
2. Centric jaw
relation record
4. Lateral records
5. Intercondylar
distance record
Rihani A: classification of articulators, J Prosthet Dent 1980;43:344-347
Fully adjustable Semiadjustable Nonadjustable
RIHANI 1980

BASIC REQUIREMENTS,
USES,
LIMITATIONS

Basic Requirements
Hold casts in correct horizontal
and vertical position
Positive anterior stopAccept face bow transfer
Open and close in hinge movement
And
Allow for protusive &lateral motion
Moving parts should move freely & be
accurately machined
Non moving parts should be of rigid
construction

Adjustable horizontal and lateral condylar
guide elements
Conylar element - lower frame
Condylar guide - upper frame
Accept third point of referenceTerminal hinge position locking deviceRemovable mounting platesAdjustable incisal guide tableAdjustable intercondylar width – graphic
tracings
Additional Requirements

1. Diagnosis, treatment planning and
patient presentation in both the natural
and artificial dentitions.
2. To plan dental procedures
3. To aid in the fabrication of dental
restorations and lost dental parts.
4. To correct and modify completed
restorations.
5. Teaching and studying of occlusion and
mandibular movements.
USES

LIMITATIONS
Subject to error in tooling and to error resulting from
metal fatigue and wear.
Does not completely duplicate the condylar
movements in the temporomandibular joints.
Movements simulated are empty-mouth sliding
motions, not functional movements.

M uth is the best
articulatorwww.indiandentalacademy.com

….....then why not use i
 Patient’s saliva, tongue, and cheeks
 Shifting denture bases
 Resiliency of the supporting tissues
 Inability of humans to detect visually subtle changes in motion
 The inability to know exact location of the condyles,
 More chair time www.indiandentalacademy.com

Selecting an articulator

NON ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
For complete dentures
For fixed prosthodonticswww.indiandentalacademy.com

SEMI ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
For fixed prosthodontics
KAVO WHIPMIX
HANAU

Arcon v/s Non arcon
Derived from Articulator & Condyle
Beck 1956,Weinberg 1963 : No difference
Survey 1985 : Out of 81 ,67 were arcon

Rectilinear or Curvilinear
Sagittal condylar path-Convex S-shaped curvature
Aull 1965 : 8%-Straight line
92%-Curved path
Diameter:10mm in 34% Population
Curvature noticeable appeared when 5-10mm trcings were drawn
Within 2-3mm from centric codylar path is almost a straight line
Advantage of a straight line pathway

FULLY ADJUSTABLE ARTICULATORS
For fixed prosthodontics
The Denar D5A Articulator Cyberhoby Articulator

Denar articulators Dr.Niles Guichet 1968

Pantographic tracing

STEREOGRAPHS

Stereograph (TMJ articulator)

Fully adjustable….Do we really need it ?
• According to dawson
 Bilaterally balanced occlusion is traumatogenic
 Condylar guidance does not dictate anterior guidance
 Tripod contact no more stable than cusp tip to fossa contact
 Posterior disclusion by anterior guidance most desirable
 Immediate side shift cannot occur from centric
 Not necessary to reproduce fisher’s anglewww.indiandentalacademy.com

Articulators for Functionally generated path
Verticulator
Twin-Stage occluderwww.indiandentalacademy.com

Mean Value Articulator

Whipmix Articulator

Kavo Articulator

Hanau H2 Series

Hanau Modular Series

Programming Hanau
articulator

Face Bow Record & Transferring it to Articulator

Obtaining Protrusive Record for adjusting
HORIZONTAL CONDYLAR GUIDANCE

Hanau Bennett angle formula L = H/8 + 12
How far is it valid
? Even with large variation in condylar guidance
Bennet angle changes to a small degree
 Gradations with 5mm difference
 But yet it is popularly followed

Adjusting LATERAL CONDYLAR GUIDANCE
( Bennet angle )

Adjusting ANTERIOR GUIDANCE

Custom Anterior guidance

Occlusal Analysis with Broderick's Analyzer

For Complete Dentures
Gothic arch tracing

Carl O Boucher, “It must be recognized that the person
operating the instrument is more important than the instrument.
If dentists understand articulators and their deficiencies, they can
compensate for their inherent inadequacies”.

1. Academy of Denture Prosthetics : Glossary of
Prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet dent 1977; 38 : 66 – 109.
2. Academy of Denture Prosthetics : Glossary of
Prosthodontic terms. J Prosthet dent 1994 ; 71 : 41–60.
3. Ash and Ramford “Occlusion”
4. Beck Ho, Morrison We : Investigation of an Arcon
Articulator, J Prosthet dent 1956 ; 6 : 359 – 372.
5. Becker CM, Kaiser DA: Evolution of occlusion and
occlusal instruments, J Prosthodont 2:33-43, 1993.
References16.Morneburg TR, Proschel PA: Predicted incidence of occlusal
errors in centric closing around arbitrary axes, Int J Prosthodont
15:358-364, 2002.
17.Noel D. Wilkie, Donald L. Mitchell : Articulators through the
years. Part – I. J Prosthet dent 1978 ; 39 :140-141.
18.Noel D.W., Donald L. Mitchell: Articulators through the years.
Part – II J Prosthet dent 1978 ; 39 :168-181.
19.Rihami A. “Classification of Articulators”. J.Prosthet Dent 1980
; 43:344-47.
Prosthodontics, 2nd edition, U.S.A. JEA, 1996, p 142-182.
29.Winstanley R.B:Hinge – axis: a review of literature
1985;12:135-159
30. J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;1 : 51
31. J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;2 : 110
32. J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;3 : 161
33. J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;4: 217
34. J Prosthodont 2001 (10) ;1 : 52
35. J Prosthodont 2001 (10) ; 2 : 115www.indiandentalacademy.com

Watch your thoughts;
they become words
Watch your words;
they become actions
Watch your actions;
they become habits
Watch your habits;
they become character
Watch your character;
it becomes your destiny
Frank Outlawwww.indiandentalacademy.com

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Articulators/ cosmetic dentistry training

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