History of orthodontics/orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy

History of Orthodontics
www.indiandentalacademy.com

Contents
 Orthodontics in ancient civilization
 Orthodontics in 18th,
19th
& 20th
century
 History of brackets
 History of removable appliances
 History of functional appliances
 History of arch wires
 History of cephalometrics
 History of bonding
 Orthodontic milestones
 Orthodontic history in India
 Bibliography

Introduction
 Hippocrates (460-355 BC)
Founder of Greek medicine
First mentioned about irregularity of teeth
 A.C CELSUS (25 B.C.-A.D.50)
Finger pressure to push teeth into alignment after deciduous
teeth
extraction
 Pliny (23-79AD)
First mechanical instrument --- file for shortening the
elongated
teeth
 Abscises

Origin of word
“Orthodontics”
 1819 –Only few dental practitioners considered it worthy of
attention was given in ___________ book by ________author
 KNIESEL(1836)- MALPOSITION OF TEETH
 DESWASOLE(1839)- made first attempt to give this Branch
a name and called it “ORTHOPAEDIA DENTAIRE” means
dento-facial orthopedics
 P.J. LE FOLON(1840)-first used the term ORTHODONTIA
 THOMAS F BONIL(1840)- used the ORTHODONTIA for first
time used in English

SIR JAMES MURFAY(1908)SIR JAMES MURFAY(1908)
Designated it as theDesignated it as the
FIELD OF SCIENCEFIELD OF SCIENCE
ORTHODONTICSORTHODONTICS
(1950)(1950)
IT WAS OFFICIALLYIT WAS OFFICIALLY
ACCEPTED AS ORTHODONTICSACCEPTED AS ORTHODONTICS BY __________BY __________

ORTHODONTICS
IS A GREEK WORD
ORTHOS DONTICS
TO CORRECT SCIENCE OF TEETH

DEFINITION
 NOYES - 1911
STUDY OF
RELATION OF
TEETHTOTHE
DEVELOPMENT
OF FACE AND
CORRECTION OF
ARRESTED AND
PERVERTED
DEVELOPMENT
 British society - 1922
THE STUDY OF GROWTH &
DEVELOPMENT OF JAWS & FACE
PARTICULARLY, & BODY
GENERALLY AS AFFECTING THE
POSITION OFTEETH,THE STUDY
OF ACTION & REACTION OF
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
INFLUENCES ONTHE
DEVELOPMENT ANDTHE
PREVENTION & CORRECTION OF
ARRESTED & PREVERTED
DEVELOPMENT.

DEFINITION
 According to American Association of
Orthodontics : An area of dentistry concerned
with supervision, guidance & correction of
growing & mature dentofacial structures,
including those conditions that require
movement of the teeth or correction of
malrelationships & malformations of related
structures by the adjustment of relationship
between & among the teeth & basal bone by
application of forces and the stimulation or
redirection of the functional forces within the
cranio facial complex.

ORTHODONTICS
DESWASOLE(1839)- made first attempt to give this Branch a
name and called it “ORTHOPAEDIA DENTAIRE” means
dento-facial orthopedics
Two Greek words
ORTHOS- right/correct
DONS -tooth
First used by Frenchman Lefoulon & named it ‘Orthodontosie’ in
1840
‘Father of orthodontia’ -Pierre Fouchard
‘Father of modern orthodontics’ -Edward Hartley
Angle
‘Father of American orthodontics’ – John . F . Farrar
‘Father of myofunctional appliances’ - Alfred P Roger

Hippocrates (466- 377 B.C)
 First to separate medicine from religion
 He gave the text-’Corpus Hippocraticum’
 First written description on ‘irregularities of teeth’
called them ‘crooked’ now called malocclusion
 “Among those individuals whose heads are long
shaped, some have thick necks, strong members &
bones, others have strongly arched palates, thus
teeth are disposed to irregularity , crowding one on
the other & they are molested by headaches &
otorrhoea”

Aristotle(384 to 322 B.C)
 Greek Philosopher
 First system of comparative anatomy & studies
of zoology & physiology
 First comparative dental anatomist
 ‘De Partibus Animalium’

AULUS CORNELIUS CELSUS
(25 B.C.-50 A.D )
 Roman medical author
 Used finger pressure
 “If a second tooth
should happen to grow
in children before the
first has fallen out, that
which ought to be shed
is to be drawn out”
 De Re Medicina

Gaius Plinius Secundus
(A.D 23-79)
 Suggested first mechanical treatment for
correcting irregularities
 Advocated filing of elongated teeth to
produce proper alignment

Claudius Galenus(A.D.130-200)
 Described dental anatomy & embryology of
teeth
 Enumerated functions of each
 His dissections were performed on animals
Paul of Aegina ( A.D 625-690)
 First to mention supernumerary teeth

Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)
 First to dissect human body for anatomic
knowledge
 First to recognize tooth form & first to realize
that each tooth was related to another & to
opposing jaw-articulation of teeth
 Described maxillary & frontal sinuses
 “Those teeth that are farthest away from TMJ
are at mechanical disadvantage as compared
to those that are nearer”

Andreas Vesalius(1514-1564)
 Belgian physician & anatomist
 Study of human anatomy
 Described the minute anatomy of teeth ,dental
follicle & subsequent pattern of tooth eruption
Ambrose Pare’(1517? To 1590)
 Specific attention to dentofacial deformities
specially to cleft palate
 First to device obturator

Gabriele Fallapio(1523 to
1562)
 Commonly known as Fallopius
 Wrote ‘Observationes Anatomica’
 Gave the terms hard palate & soft palate

Bartholomaeus Eustachio(1520
to 1574)
 Eustachian tube in his name
 Wrote ‘Libellus da Dentibus (book on teeth)
in 1563 describes anatomy of teeth
 Gave phenomenon of sequential
development of first & second dentitions
 Eruption & function of teeth
 Internal structure of teeth
 Described dental follicle & its blood supply

 Matthacus Gottfried Purman in 1692 was the
first to mention casts in dentistry. He used
wax as impression material
 Plaster of Paris for impression was first
reported in 1756 by Phillip Phall

PIERRE FOUCHARD(1678-1761)
 ‘Father of orthodontia’
 First orthodontic
appliance-bandelete in
1723
 Book-treatise of dentistry
in 1728
 Filing of teeth for
crowded anteriors
 Special forceps-pelican
for ‘repositioning’ teeth
 First used the title
“surgeon dentist”

Fauchard’s Bandeau

ETIENNE BOURDET(1722-1789)
 Dentist to king of France
 Used only gold strips on the labial surface for upper arch
& lingual surface of lower arch
 He was also the first to practice “lingual orthodontics,”
expanding the arch from the lingual surface
 First to recommend serial extraction (1757) and of
extracting premolars to relieve crowding.
 Recommended extraction of first premolars to preserve
symmetry
 Wrote ‘Researches And Observations On Every Branch Of
The Art OfThe Dentist’

JOHN HUNTER(1738 TO 1793)
Anatomy teacher and a known
surgeon
Formation and growth of teeth
and jaws & articulation of jaws
Book-’Natural History Of Human
Teeth: Explaining their structure,
Use, Formation, Growth &
Diseases’

 Outlined internal structure of teeth
 Established difference between bone and teeth
 Erroneously-teeth are non vascular
 Nomenclature-incisors, bicuspids & molars

 Brunner (1737-1810) advised
“Milk teeth should never be extracted unless
there be manifest signs of the presence of the
corresponding permanent teeth or when it is
painful or decayed”
•1819 Delabarre -wire crib-birth of contemporary
orthodontics

Joseph Fox(1776-1816)
 Student of John Hunter
 First to classify malocclusion in 1803
 Also the first to observe that mandible grows
mainly by distal extension beyond the molars
with little or no growth in anterior region
 He used bite blocks to open the bite
 Other appliances used by him were expansion
arch & chin cup

Chapin A.Harris(1806 to 1860)
 Published the first
modern classic book on
dentistry ‘The Dental
Art’ in 1840
 Used gold caps on
molars to open the bite

J.M Alexis Strange(1807-?)
 Modified screw, called the crib in 1841
 Used rubber band attached to hooks on the
appliance surrounding the molars for
retention
 Coined the term anchorage
 Joseph Sigmond in 1825 recognized habit as a
factor in malocclusion
 Thumb sucking as a cause of malocclusion
was first mentioned byWilliam Imrie in 1834

 Emerson C.Angell(1823-1903)first to advocate
opening of median suture to provide space in
maxillary arch
O.A Marvin (1828-1907)
Outlined objectives of orthodontic treatment
1. Preservation of correct facial expression
2. Restoration of such expression
3. Proper articulation of teeth for better
mastication
4. Their orderly arrangement to prevent decay

JOHN F FARRAR(1839-1913)
Laid the foundation of
scientific orthodontics
Physiologic & pathologic
changes in animals due to
orthodontic force
Theory of intermittent force
& developed screw to deliver it
in 1881

 Published Irregularities OfTeeth & their
Correction vol. I in 1888 & vol. II in 1889
 ‘Father of American Orthodontics’

NORMAN KINGSLEY(1829-1913)
Pioneer in cleft palate treatment
Artificial prosthesis

 Initially extracted teeth and moved the
anterior teeth back into the space thus
created
 Later gave up extraction & did ‘jumping of the
bite’
 Treatment of cleft palate-gold obturator
 Artificial vellum of soft rubber in 1859
 In 1880 published ‘ATreatise on Oral
Deformities’
 First to recommend etiology diagnosis &
treatment plan should be the foundation

EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE(1855 TO 1930)
DDS degree from
Pennsylvania College Of
Dental Surgery in 1878
Appointed as
chairperson of
orthodontia in Dental
Department Of University
Of Minnesotta in 1887

 His article on “Notes On OrthodontiaWith A
New System Of Regulation And Retention” was
published in Ohio Journal of Orthodontics in
1887
 In 1888 demonstrated expansion of arch
& its auxiliaries
 1894 was appointed the first professor
orthodontia at Marian Sims College & received
MD degree in 1895

 His classification of malocclusion was
published in Dental Cosmos in 1889
 Earlier believed in extraction then saw Greek
statue called Apollo Belvedere & described
perfect profile
 Came to conclusion that for harmony within
the arch complete complement of teeth
should be present

 Organized the first orthodontic society ‘The
American Orthodontic Society in 1900’(now
the American Association Of Orthodontics’)&
became its first President
 Founded the first orthodontic journal ‘the
American Orthodontist’ in 1907 (till 1912)

 About 1908, Angle married to his longtime
secretary, Anna Hopkins (1872-1957)
 Obtained her DDS degree from the University
of Iowa and her orthodontic training in
Angle’s school.
 “Mother Angle” became secretary of the
American Society of Orthodontists, a
founding coeditor of the Angle Orthodontist,
and honorary chair of the Angle Society
executive committee

 Angle patented an arch wire (which he
termed ‘Rod’) forcing the teeth outward &
forward & a plier to increase the arch
length.This led to the development of
Expansion Arch.

Angle’s E-Arch(1905)

Angle’s Pin & Tube
Appliance(1910)

Angle’s Ribbon Arch(1916)

Angle’s Edgewise Appliance(1928)

CALVIN CASE(1847-1923)
Graduate of Ohio College Of
Dental Surgery & the University
of Michigan Medical School
Recognized for esthetic
aspects of practice

 First to use intermaxillary elastics
 Special attention to cleft palate patients
 Classification of malocclusion that included 26
divisions
 In 1921 published his major work in ‘A Practical
Treatise OnTheTechnics And Principle Of Dental
Orthopedics And Prosthetic Correction Of Cleft
Palate’
 Used retainers
 Proponent of extraction for orthodontic treatment
 In 1917 used light resilient wires to deliver light
continuous force.

Case-Angle Controversy
 Angle attributed origin of use of
intermaxillary elastics to Baker, which Case
thought he should have got
 Lead to charged and countercharges
 Case defended discreet use of extraction as a
practical procedure/Angle believed in non
extraction

MARTIN DEWEY(1881-1933)
Student of Angle
Champion of non extraction
Modified angle’s classification
First editor of ‘The American
Orthodontist’

 Editor of International Journal Of Orthodontics
for 17 years
 Started his own graduate school in 1911
 In 1914 wrote the book ‘Practical Orthodontics’
 President of American Dental Association in 1931

ALBERT KETCHAM (1870-1935)
Graduate of Angle’s School 1902
Pioneered dental radiography
First US orthodontist to install an
x-ray laboratory
In 1926, he presented the first
comprehensive data on root
resorption.
Became one of Angle’s “enemies”
when he modified Angle’s
appliances

 Isaac B. Davenport in 1881 developed a theory that
the masticatory apparatus was subject to the laws of
nature, that imperfect occlusion was deleterious to the
dentition ,that extraction of teeth in the treatment
could affect the efficiency of the masticatory
apparatus.
 Henry A. Baker is remembered because in 1893 he
introduced the so-called Baker anchorage , or the use
of intermaxillary elastics with rubber bands .

 Eugene S. Talbot was equally proficient in
periodontics & orthodontics. He stressed the
study of the causes of malocclusion to be the key
to the treatment .
 He stated that “without the etiology of
irregularities no one can successfully correct
deformities”.

 The principles of resorption & deposition of
alveolar bone during tooth movement were
discussed by L.E.Custer in March,1881, at a
meeting of the Mississippi Valley Dental
Association in a paper entitled “Intermittent
Pressure :Its Relation to Orthodontia.”
 In 1899 the ‘Items of Interest’ was the first dental
journal to devote a section of each issue to
orthodontia because of the recommendation of
its editor ,R. Otto lengui (1861-1937).

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen(1845-
1923)
 Discovered x-rays in 1895 &received a Nobel
prize in 1901 for this contribution
 Guilhermena G. Mendell was the first woman
graduate & the first woman instructor atThe
Angle school in 1902

P. RAYMOND BEGG
 Graduate of Angle’s school in
1925
Begg practiced orthodontics for
more than 55 years & registered
his last patient at age 84.
 Begg appliance-modification
of ribbon arch appliance in
1933

 He was a Jackaroo before studying under
Angle
 Assisted Angle in teaching the new edgewise
mechanism
 Had difficulty in closing extraction spaces &
reducing deep overbites
 Developed his own bracket in 1933-ribbon
arch bracket turned upside down
 Later added auxiliary springs

 Introduced multiloop light force wire or
Begg’s technique in 1965
 Wrote ‘Begg Orthodontic Theory And
Technique’ in 1965
 Used titanium wires

Charles Tweed(1895-1970)

 One of Angle’s last students graduated in 1928
 Was more concerned with dental protrusions and
unsatisfactory facial esthetics.
 Led him to begin extracting 4 premolars in certain
patients after initially following Angle’s
nonextraction dogma.
 At the 1940 annual meeting of the AAO, Tweed
displayed 100 consecutive case records
representing patients initially treated
nonextraction and then retreated with removal of
the 4 first premolars.
 Tweed’s criterion for facial balance was the
position of the mandibular central incisors, from
which developed the Tweed triangle (1936).

 His mechanics involved a rigid, time-
consuming orthodoxy, and terms such as
anchorage preparation, tip-back bends, and
en masse movements
 In 1947 formal courses of instruction, initially
called the Tweed Course, and from these
developed the Charles H. Tweed Foundation for
Orthodontic Research
 Tweed Technique
He was the first person to use edgewise appliance
in conjunction with extraction & this treatment
method has been the Classic Edgewise Technique
for many years.

History Of Brackets
 Brackets were first used by Angle in ribbon arch
appliance (used self made stamped brackets of
soft gold)
 Alloys of gold
 Stainless steel in 1920 by Harry Brearly &
Sheffield F.M . Becket of US
 Universal bracket by Spencer R Atkinson in 1929

 The gingival wire was
designed for mesiodistal
movements and extrusion-
intrusion, occlusal wire
could be used for rotations
and buccolingual
movement.
 Atkinson donated all profits
from its sale to the
California Institute of
Technology and refused to
allow his name to be
attached to it.
 The machine shop that
milled the first brackets for
the universal appliance
gave rise to the West
Coast’s first orthodontic
supply house, Unitek
Corporation (UNIversal
TEChnique). www.indiandentalacademy.com

Joseph E. Johnson (1888-1969)
Twin wire
 Both wires were inserted
into the same channel,
which was fastened with
either a ligature wire or a
special cap .
 Technique was effective at
leveling and rotating &
more comfortable, it lacked
control of the canines and
the premolars (they were
seldom banded) and was
unsuitable for extraction
cases

 1950: Dr. William Wilson: Labio-loop –lingual
Appliance.
 1952: Holdaway first used pre-adjusted
brackets in order to reduce bending of
archwires
 1952: Swain: Introduced Siamese Twin
Brackets.
 1960s: Jarabak and Fizzel: Twin Edgewise
Brackets.
 Early 1960s: Ivan Lee introduced pre-torqued
bracket design in order to eliminate
complicated torquing bends used in
conventional edgewise archwire.www.indiandentalacademy.com

 1968: Jarabak introduced pre-angulated
and pre-torqued brackets for upper
anteriors.
 1971: Andrews introduced SWA (Straight
Wire Appliance ) Technique
 Developed bracket modifications for specific
teeth to eliminate repetitive wire bends-”straight
wire” appliance
 Variations in bracket thickness to compensate
for varying thickness of individual teeth

 1975: Dr. Kurz: Near-conventional edgewise
approach to lingual mechanics, ‘Invisible Lingual
Appliance’. This offers the advantage of being
esthetic but interfere with speech & was difficult
to clean
 1982: William Thompson developed
Combination brackets that involved vertical
and horizontal slots.
 1982: Dr. Kinya Fujita: Mushroom Arch
(Lingual Orthodontics).
 1989: Thomas Creekmore: Lingual Mechanical
Appliance (CONCEAL).

 1991: Dr. V. P. Jayade : J-Bracket
 1992: Ito G. et al: Friction Free Bracket.
 1993: Irwin Fletcher : ACTIVA Appliance.
 1994: Michael L. Swartz: Gingivally Offset
Brackets.
 1997: John C. Voudoris: Interactive Twin
Bracket.
 1997: Deva Devanthan and James Chudzynski:
Nu-edge Bracket.

SPEED SYSTEM
 This self ligating system was developed by
HERBERT HANSON in 1980.
 It derived its name from descriptive terms
Spring-loaded, Precision, Edgewise, Energy &
Delivery all of which describe features of
design

History of Removable
Appliances
 Fredriech Christoph Kniesel first to give
removable plate in 1836
 Coffin Plate – plate with spring in 1881
 Victor H. Jackson (1850-1929) wire crib in
1887 to which were soldered a number of
finger springs for tooth movement. Most
appliances were made of steel piano wire or
“nickel silver,” an alloy of copper, nickel, and
zinc. His technique became known as the
“Jackson System”

Removable ‘plate’

C. R. Coffin embedded spring-action piano wire,
bent into shape of “W,” into vulcanite plate,
separated plate in middle, and activated spring so
that halves pressed alveolar process to outside. This
expansion appliance still bears his name.

 Pierre Robin-first split plate with screw in
1902
 1908 – Hawley – Hawley's appliance
 J.H. Badcock designed expansion plate with
screw in 1911

CHARLES.A.HAWLEY(1861-1929)

Crozats Appliance
ByGeorge Crozat in 1928
Entirely by precious metal

Myofunctional Appliances
• Kingsley’s anterior inclined plate in 1880
• Hotz devised a ‘Vorbissplatte’ a modified
form of Kingsley’s plate
• Pierre Robin introduced monobloc in 1902-
forerunner of all functional appliances
• It was designed mainly for patients with
glossoptosis syndrome (ectomorphic
constitution, adenoid facies, mouth
breathing, high palate) called the Pierre
Robin Syndrome

 Alfred .P.Rogers known as the father of
myofunctinal therapy
 Advocated muscular exercises to improve
neck, head, tongue posture & encouraged
nose breathing

Viggo Andreson(1870-1950)
 In 1908 in his daughters fixed appliance
placed a Hawley-Type of maxillary retainer &
a lingual horseshoe flange in mandibular
teeth
 Called it biomechanic working retainer
 On nighttime wearing it had eliminated class
II malocclusion & was stable
 Andresen teamed up with Haupl in Norway to
write about their appliance & called it
Activator because of its ability to activate
muscle force

Viggo Andresn(1870-1950
& Karl Haupl (1893-1960)

 In this only one wire element-labial arch for
upper anterior teeth
 Coffin spring was added for expansion
 In 1957 Eschler modified labial bow that
improved intermaxillary effectiveness (one
part was active other passive)
 Two types of modifications-
Reduced in anterior palatal region called open
activator by Klammt in 1955
Reduced alveolar regions & with cross palatal
wires

 Some consist of two parts (upper & lower)
joined with wire bows
 Muscle impulses are reinforced by wire
elements in the design eg Schwarz
modification
 Stockfisch developed modern version with
an elastic activator & a semidouble plate
appliance

 Vestibular screen by Newell in 1912
The Bimler Appliance
 By Hans Peter Bimler (1916-2003)
 Devised maxillary splint for patient who lost
his left gonial angle which guided the
remainder of his mandible.
 Bimlers appliance after modification in 1949-
reduced size, elastic, upper & lower parts
connected with wire

 Double plate by A. Martin Schwarz(1887-1963)
Combined the advantages of the activator &
the active plate by constructing separate
mandibular & maxillary acrylic plates
 Resembled monobloc or activator in two
pieces
 Propulsor by Hans Muhlemann in 1952 based
on Activator

A. Martin Schwarz was one of first to separate
activator horizontally, proginator of today’s Twin-
block.

Harold .D. Kesling(1901-1979)
 Developed tooth positioner in 1944
 Made out of rubber
 Could also be used as retainer
 Later other materials were also used eg clear
plastics
Because of these innovations TP (Tooth
Positioner) orthodontics exists

Harold D. Kesling, inventor of tooth positioner.

Bionator by Wilhelm
Balters(1893-1973)
 Modified Andresen’s activator in 1950 to
treat class II malocclusions characterized by
deficient mandible
 Consists of two halves connected with coffins
spring
 Highly depends on patient compliance

Rolf Frankel(1908-2001)
 Recognized as inventor of an appliance that
corrects malocclusions with little or no
contact with dentition
 Recognized that stability of treatment can
occur only if the structural & functional
deviations of the muscular system are
corrected
 Designed the functional regulator in 1957

 Herbst appliance by Emil Herbst in 1905
Reintroduced by Hans Pancherz in 1979
 Jasper Jumper by J.J.Jasper in 1980
 Eureka Spring by Devincenzo in 1997

History of Head Gear
 1802-Joseph Fox uses chin cap to skull cap
 185o- Norman Kingsley first used occipital
head gear for retracting teeth
 1947-Silas Kloehn introduced facebow with
cervical straps removing the ‘stigma’ of
victorian caps

Amos Westcott used chincup in 1840s to treat
Class III patients.

ANGLE’S HEADGEAR IN 1889

Cephalometrics
 In 16th
century Durer & DaVinci sketched
series of human faces with straight lines
joining homologous structures
 Anthropologists invented craniostat
facilitated standardized measurements-did
not allow study of living humans
 Boon after discovery of X-rays by sirWilliam
Conrad Roentgen in 1895

 First paper by Pancini in 1922 which is now
called cephalometrics
 Produced the concepts of standardized
graphic head images
 In 1931 Hofrath in Germany & Broadbent in
US refined the technique given by Pancini
applied it to orthodontics

 cephalometric analysis introduced by William
B. Downs in 1948.
 Its significance of that it presented an
objective method of many factor underlying
malocclusion & their could be a variety of
causes of malocclusion exclusive of teeth.
Other analysis were presented by C.C. Steiner
(1896-1989)in 1953 ,C .H Tweed 1953, S.E.Coben 1955,
R.M. Rickets 1966, V.Sassouni 1969, H.D. Enlow 1969,
J.R Jarabak 1970 & A Jackbson 1975, McNamara 1984

History of Archwire
Materials
 Catgut in the eighteenth century
 Precious metals & their alloys used before 1950s
 First orthodontist to use stainless steel wire
Lucien De Coster in 1927
 Nitinol by W.R. Buchler at Naval Ordinance
Laboratory in 1960s
 Introduced to orthodontic community by
Andresen in 1971
 Resistant to taking a bend
 Helices, loops cannot be made
 Cannot be soldered or welded

Chinese Ni-Ti by Dr T.H Chang et al
 Higher spring back
 Lower transition temperature
Japanese Ni-Ti by Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd of
Japan in 1978
 Excellent spring back
 Shape memory
 superelasticity

Beta Titanium Alloys by Jon Goldberg &
CJ Burstone in 1980s
 high spring back
 Highly ductile-high formability
 Good weldability & corrosion resistance
Cobalt chromium nickel alloys- Elgiloy
 Spring back
 Formability
 biocompatible

Optiflex arch wires by M.F Talass in 1922
 Clear optical fiber
 Highly esthetic
 Cannot accept sharp bend
Composite / polymer wires by Kusy in 1998
 Less friction
 esthetic

 Supercable arch wires-seven stranded,
superelastic nickel- titanium coaxial wire
designed specifically to complement the
action of nickel titanium spring clips
• Exerts reduced force levels
• No plastic deformation
• superelastic

 D-Wire
• Half round & half square
• For 3-D control during sliding mechanics
• High degree precision & control
• Reduced friction

 Hills Dual-Geometry Arch Wire
• Constructed with an ultra-high-tensile
strength stainless steel for optimum stiffness
• Specially engineered for sliding mechanics in
posterior segment ensuring maximum
anterior incisor torque control

 Speed Arch wire
• Quarter round arch wire
• When any deviation of bracket position
relative to wire causes deflection of spring
clip which stores optimum energy
• This energy is released through precise 3-D
tooth positioning

History of Attachment
• Acid etch technique- Dr. Michael Buonocore
in 1955
• Direct bonding-Newman in 1965 by resin
system

History of Bonding Agents
 FIRST GENERATION-by Buonocore &
colleagues in 1956, adopted in late 1970s-
(bond strength with dentin not very good )eg
Cervident, SS White
 SECOND GENERATION dentin bonding
agents-introduced in late 1980s(poor bond
strength)eg Scotch Bond, clearfil
 THIRD GENERATION dentin bonding agents-
two component primer & adhesive. Eg
Mirage bond, Scotch Bond 2

History of Bonding Agents
(contd..)
 FOURTH GENERATION-etch & rinse multiple
bottle system.(eg Optibond FL, Permaquik)
 FIFTH GENERATION-combined bottle of
primer & adhesive (eg Bond 1,PQ/1)
 SIXTH GENERATION-non rinse, self etching,
multibottle system (eg Clearfil SE,
Nanobond)
 SEVENTH GENERATION-combines self
etching primer & the adhesive into one
application www.indiandentalacademy.com

Resin modified GIC/hybrid ionomer
• Glass ionomer cement-moisture sensitive,low
early strength
• To overcome this light activated or
chemically activated polymerizable
functional groups were added

Milestones in Orthodontic
History
 In 1839, the first dental journal, the American Journal
of Dental Science, was established through the
efforts of Solyman Brown (1790-1876 )
 1840-First dental college in world-Baltimore College
of Dental Surgery ,Maryland
 1897-First department of orthodontics introduced in
Marion Sims Dental College, Saint Louis
 1907-First Orthodontic Journal ‘American
Orthodontist’
 1915-The International Journal Of Orthodontia &
Oral Surgery

 First post graduate school of orthodontics-The
Angle School Of Orthodontia by E.H.Angle in 1924(1
year course)
 1929-American Board Of Orthodontics
 1915-American Journal Of Orthodontics
 American Journal Of Orthodontics & Dentofacial
Orthopedics name changed in 1986
 Present editor of American journal of
orthodontics and Dentofacial orthopedics-
DAVID.L.TURPIN
 European Journal Of Orthodontics Started on 16th
May 1907

Orthodontics in India
 Dr.HARIKRISHNA.D.MERCHANT(1907-1998)
 First qualified orthodontist in INDIA
 Founder of INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY on
OCT-5th 1965
 He drafted the Dentist’s act.
 First dental college in India-in 1920 by Dr.
Rafiuddin Ahmed ,BDS, in West Bengal

 First conference of Indian Orthodontic
society was held in 1967 in New Delhi
 Latest 42nd conference was held in january
2008 from 4th
to 6th
at Nagpur
 43rd
conference will be held in Mumbai from
19th
to 21st
December 2008
 Present president-Dr. N. Krishnaswamy
 Present secretary-Dr. E .T. Roy

 Indian Dental Association in 1968-first
conference held on January 5,1968
Panaji(Goa)
 Founder President-Dr. H.D. Merchant
 Founder Editor-Dr. Naishad Parikh
 First journal of Indian orthodontic society
published in 1968

 12th
Post Graduate convention was held at
Pune from 1st
to 4th
december 2007
 13th
Post Graduate convention will be held
from 1st
to 4th
March 2009 at Bapuji Dental
College & Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka

For survival as a profession
reexamining of history & continuous
search of new advancements should be
done!

Bibliography
 William R.Proffit, ‘Contemporary
Orthodontics’,Third Edition Year 2004 Elsevier , 2-
4,386 - 392
 T.M. Graber,’Orthodontics Principles and
Practice,Third Edition year 1996 ,1 -5
 Milton b.Asbell,A Brief History Of Orthodontics
American Journal of Orthodontics & Dentofacial
Orthopedics Year 1990: Volume 98 (2);176 – 189
 Norman Wahl,’Orthodontics In Three Millenia
American Journal Of Orthodontics & Dentofacial
Orthopedics ‘Year 2005:volume 127(2);256-259
 Norman Wahl,”Orthodontics In Three Millenia
American Journal Of Orthodontics & Dentofacial
Orthopedics volume April 2005:127(4);510-515

 Norman Wahl “Orthodontics In 3 Millenia”American
journal Of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics
2005:volume127(6)750-753
 Norman Wahl “Orthodontics In 3 Millenia” American
Journal Of Orthodontic Society & Dentofacial
Orthopedics2005:volume128(2)252-257
 Norman Wahl “Orthodontics In 3 Millenia” American
Journal Of Orthodontic Society & Dentofacial
Orthopedics 2005:volume 128(4)535-540
 Norman Wahl “Orthodontics In 3 Millenia”
American Journal Of Orthodontic Society &
Dentofacial Orthopedics 2005:volume 2005:volume
128(6)795-800

 Norman Wahl “Orthodontics In 3
Millenia”American journal Of Orthodontics &
Dentofacial Orthopedics2006 volume
129(2);293-298
 Graber & Swain First edition,1991 Jaypee
Brothers,487- 488
 Graber Newman 'Concepts Of Functional Jaw
Orthopedics,1-97
 Kenneth J.Anusavice,Eleventh edition
2005,Elsevier386-395

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