Sponsor Day: Seminar on Animal Feeding 15th-16th May 2014 IRTA Mas Bover

1. Additives for happier poultry.
Borja Vilà & Joaquim Brufau
Monogastric Nutrition SubProgram
IRTA

2. Mas Bové, 15 & 16 May 2014
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Feed additives
# Regulated By EC 1831/2003
# Substances, micro-organisms or preparations, other than
feed material and premixtures, which are intentionally
added to feed or water in order to perform, in particular, one
or more of the functions mentioned in Article 5(3):
1. Favorably affect the characteristics of feed or animal
products
2. Favorably affect the color of ornamental fish and birds
3. Satisfy the nutritional needs of animals
4. Favorably affect animal production, performance or
welfare
5. Have a coccidiostat or histomonostatic effect

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Feed additives
Favorably affect animal production, performance or welfare
reduction of morbidity is considered a legitimate attribute of a
feed additive as it „favorably affects‟ animal welfare

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EFSA Scientific opinion /Self-task FEEDAP/ 2008
# The purpose was to :
 examine the scientific basis for the existing functional
groups
 propose, if necessary, based on this review, the
establishment of additional functional groups (or
categories).
# Potential new categories
 Additives which favorably affect animal welfare:
Metabolic regulators, Immune-modulators, Detoxifiers,
Other (inclusion of coccidiostats & histomonostats?)
 Additives which improve product quality:
Microbial contamination controllers, Nutritional value
enhancers, Sensory additives

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Brambell (1965) defined animal welfare in terms of
5 freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1992):
1) freedom from hunger and thirst
2) freedom from discomfort
3) freedom from pain, injury, and disease
4) freedom to express normal behavior
5) freedom from fear and stress

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Brambell (1965) defined animal welfare in terms of
5 freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1992):
1) freedom from hunger and thirst
2) freedom from discomfort
3) freedom from pain, injury, and disease
4) freedom to express normal behavior
5) freedom from fear and stress

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Brambell (1965) defined animal welfare in terms of
5 freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1992):
freedom from fear and stress
All farm animals experience some level of stress during their
lives that reduces their fitness failing to achieve performance
standards, or even through disease and death” (Rostagno
2009)
Environment stress & feed stress → pathogen behavior

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General Adaptation Syndrome, Selye 1950

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Animal nutrition and Gut microflora interactions
(Animal protection).
Andrew Chesson

10. 9
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Philipe J. Sansonetti (2004) Institut Pasteur

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Mucosal surfaces place for “dialogue”
The intestinal epithelium: an interactive barrier
 Physical barrier
 Innate immunity
 Adaptive immunity
Crosstalk between commensals and mucosa
Crosstalk between pathogens and mucosa

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Williams, 2005
Integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity

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Choct (2006) Australia, Gordon Memorial Lecture
Gut health intimately associated with:
 Macro & micro structural integrity
 Immunology
 Microbiology
 Nutrient supply
Influenced by hygiene conditions, feed additives & stress
Subclinical infections (like Necrotic Enteritis) compromise the
gut health

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Tactacan et al (2013) USA
Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis QST 713) to decrease the incidence
of Necrotic Enteritis
 production of bacteriocins & other antimicrobial
compounds
 immunomodulation, increase in gut associated lymphoid
tissue

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Francesch et al 2006

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De Jong et al (2014) Wageningen
Wet litter → increases footpad dermatitis (walking ability)
decreases overall welfare & also carcass yield
Dry litter vs wet litter → improved gross margin by 9 cents / bird
Su et al (2013) China
High stocking density →decreased walking ability
higher incidence of leg problems, lower activity and more
resting, breast & skin lesions
Higher levels of vit D3 alleviated welfare problems but not growth
impairment
Wideman el al (2012) Arkansas & Austria
Development of a lameness model → effect of probiotics to
counteract lameness

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Francesch & Brufau
2004
WPSJ 60:64-75
WET
LITTER
Management & Housing
Litter
Temperature/humidity
Ventilation
Drinkers
Density
Diseases
Coccidiosis
Enteritidis
Colibacilosis
Campylobacter
Dietary factors
Protein level
Electrolyte balance
Ionophors
Viscosity
By-products
Feed technology

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Feed restriction
Broiler breeders
De Jong and Guémené (2011) Wageningen & INRA
→ chronic hunger
→ fibrous diets, appetite suppresant
Molting
Gutierrez el al (2008) Texas A&M (Dr Bailey group)
→ hunger, increased susceptibility to Salmonella
→ guar meal +enzymes, wheat middlings
Pre-slaughter
Menconi et al (2014) Arkansas, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina
→ dehydration, mortality, Salmonella, meat quality
→ OA in water

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Olfaction
Jones, R. B., and T. J. Roper. (1997) UK
Palatability of feed and water
→Also to sense familiarity and danger
Welfare improved through olfaction?
→ familiar and pleasant smells from rearing also found in
laying facilities (aromatic oils)

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Ammonia
Ammonia
Khempaka et al (2013) Thailand
Dry peppermint in feed
 Decreased ammonia concentration
 Improved carcass quality

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Flies
Flies
Ruiu et al (2014) Italy
Brevibacillus laterosporus 1010 spores/g feed
 80% reduction in flies
 Increased soil fertility
 Plant root protection from pathogens & parasite

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Efficacy assessment on immune response

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Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of the intestine of
Control animals (uninoculated birds feeding the basal
diet). A to C, ileum and D, cecal tonsil.
Figure 3. Scaning electron micrographs of the intestine of
Salmosan-fed animals (inoculated birds feeding the basal
diet plus Salmosan 1 g/kg). A, C and D, ileum and B, cecal
tonsil. In C, the arrowhead indicates a goblet cell and the
inset is a transmission electron micrograph of the same
zone in which the arrowhead also indicates a goblet cell.
βGM → goblet cells and mucus production →Salmonella adhesion
also reduced M cells (characteristic of infected animals)
Also greater villus length

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Prebiotic activity
CBG reduced the
presence of Salmonella
in challenged birds
YCW increased
performance by
favoring intestinal
mucosal development

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Suggested End-points for Efficacy demonstration/
Animal welfare
 In vitro studies: (majority of the experimental conducted
until now). However they are essential for the first step
 In vivo studies: to conduct studies with animals under
certain conditions and to look the benefits of the products
on the mucosal and epithelial cells from intestine.
Morphology, Immunity reaction and microflora
development. The animal performances studies may be
also involved in order to justify the interaction

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Are we able to answer all the questions generated ?
The most important action will be to understand the
interaction between Animal welfare and the concept of
stress and the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract.
Animal health improvement is difficult to assess , especially
when we are dealing with benefits of Feed Additives in
order to satisfy Animal welfare indicators.
The indicators should be clearly well identified under stress
conditions first.
Immune indicators must be considered to determine the
degree of animal defense in order to prevent damage by the
stressors.

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Monogastric Nutrition subprogram