1. CHAPTER 9 PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE (GENETICS) I. The Foundation of Genetics II. Basic Terminology III. Modern Principles of Inheritance IV. Solving Genetics Problems A. Monohybrid Cross V. Sex-Determination and Sex-Linked Traits VI. Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance VII. Human Genetic Disorders/Conditions VIII. How Phenotypes are Affected by Non-genetic Factors (Environment)

3. p. 141 Fig. 9-10

7. V. Sex-Determination and Sex-linked Traits X chromosome Y chromosome Fig. 9-14 p. 144

8. VI. Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance A. Multiple Alleles and Co-dominance e.g., human blood types

9. Genotype AA, Ao BB, Bo AB oo (Universal donor) Frequency in the U.S. (Universal recipient ) Table 9-1 p. 146 Human Blood Group Characteristics

10. B. Polygenic Inheritance - when several genes influence a ____________________ e.g., eye color skin color father mother

11. VII. Human Genetic Disorders or Conditions - mutations - A. Due to abnormal # of autosomes e.g., Down syndrome or ____________ Fig. 9-22a p. 153

12. Baby with Down syndrome Typical Down syndrome’s hands and feet

13. Genetic test for Down syndrome ( F luorescence I n S itu H ybridization or FISH) Fig. 9-23 p. 153

14. Why are there 3 copies of chromosome # 21? ________________________: - the failure of chromatids to separate during anaphase II

15. B. Due to chromosomal deletions or presence of several repeats of a DNA sequence 1) Cri-du-chat syndrome - “ ___________________________” (French) - deletion of short arm of chromosome # 5 - severely impaired _____________________

16. 2) Fragile X syndrome - multiple copies of GAT can inactivate the entire _________________________ - the most common form of inherited _________________________________ - attention deficit, ____________________ - large ears, long face, flat feet

17. C. Due to imbalance in the # of the X and Y chromosomes 1) Turner syndrome - X 1/3000 live births (females) 2) Trisomy X - XXX 1/1500 3) Klinefelter syndrome – XXY 1/1000 males 4) Jacob Syndrome – XYY 1/1000 males

18. TURNER SYNDROME

19. KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

20. D. Due to single gene mutations or defects 1) Due to X-linked recessive alleles a) hemophilia b) red-green colorblindness c) Duchenne muscular dystrophy d) cleft palate 2) Due to autosomal gene defects (recessive) a) sickle cell anemia - abnormal ____________________

21. Normal red blood cells Sickle cells (abnormal red blood cells)

22. b) Cystic fibrosis - non-functional _______________________ - produce excessive _______________ - lung infections

23. D. Due to single gene defects…continued 3) Due to dominant alleles e.g., Huntington’s disease - delayed onset disease - brain slowly deteriorates: ___________ - loss of ________________________ - painful paralysis - Huntington gene – Chro. # 4 (1993) - huntingtin protein forms aggregates in __________________ which die off

25. VIII. How Phenotypes are Affected by Non-genetic Factors (Environment) A) Himalayan rabbit genotype = BB or Bb B = black fur phenotype? = __________________________________ Why???

26. - enzyme producing black pigment - ______________ at 93 ° F (34 ° C) B) Colors of pea flowers - ________________________________________ C) Height - _________________________________ D) Skin color - ________________________________ E) Intelligence F) Susceptibility to cancer