This document discusses entrepreneurial opportunities in livestock feed and fodder management during natural calamities like droughts, floods, and cyclones. It notes that such calamities regularly affect large parts of India, causing feed and fodder shortages that harm livestock and farmer livelihoods. There is potential for entrepreneurs to help address feed deficits through activities like growing, harvesting, processing, storing, and transporting alternative feeds; operating fodder banks; and using technologies like hydroponics or feed densification to improve fodder quality and availability. The document provides details on existing feed gaps, production systems, technologies, and success stories to inspire agricultural entrepreneurs.

1. ENTREPRENEURIAL
OPPORTUNITIES IN LIVESTOCK
FEED AND FODDER
MANAGEMENT DURING
DROUGHTS, FLOODS AND
CYCLONE
FARMER INCOME GENERATION
Dr. JAI SINGH (ARS)
M. Tech. Ph D, IIT Kharagpur
Director ICAR – CIPHET (Retd)
JSINGH.SRE@GMAIL.COM Mob: 8958463808

2. “During drought, cattle are the worst sufferers
along with the people. They die of hunger,
starvation and thirst. Farmers are unable to
cultivate quick-growing fodder crop; without
rain, grass does not grow”.
ICAR AND ALLIES TO MOVE FOR
SOLUTION

3. FARMER WEEPING AND LOVING
DYING CATTLE OF STARVATION

4. DROUGHT SCENE IN BUNDELKHAND
(IGFRI IS IN THIS REGION )

5. Drought, Flood , Cyclone and
Tsunami are part of the normal
natural cycle. Decreased availability
of fodders & feeds needs to be a
part of the overall management plan.
77 % LAND AREA
SUBJECTED TO
FREQUENT NATURAL
CALAMITIES AND 28 %
LAND AREA IS
SEVERELY PRONE TO
THESE CONDITIONS
FEELS DELIGHTED

6. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
SPECIALITIES
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IS PRO – POOR.
POTENTIAL TO ABSORB SURPLUS
LABOUR.
GENERATES REGULAR STREAM OF OUT
PUTS.
NEEDS SMALL INITIAL CAPITAL TO
START.
REPRDUCEABLE ASSETS.
AUTO MULTIPLICATION TO GENERATE
INCOME.

7. CONTRIBUTION TO AGRIL
PRODUCTION
35 %
CONTRIBUTION TO GDP 4 %
SUSTAINING RURAL
LIVELIHOOD
70 %
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
FOR WORKING FORCE
8.8 %
INCOME GENERATION 16 – 24 %
TOTAL VALUE OUT PUT (2012) Rs 733054
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LIVESTOCK
IN INDIA

8. YEAR AFFECTED AREA
MILLION ha
No OF PEOPLE
AFFECTED
MILLION
1979 62.5 190
1982 40.0 9
1983 130 9
1987 45 290
2013 110 190
AREA AND No OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY
DROUGHTS

9. DISASTROUS FLOODS IN INDIA
YEAR STATE VILLAGES PEOPLE CATTLE
1987 BIHAR 24518 1399 5302
2005 GUJRAT 166 123
2005 MAHARAS 5000
2008 BIHAR 230 LAKH
2009 INDIA 9 STATES 50
2010 LADAKH 71 255
2012 ASSAM 1744 156 7814
2013 U K OVER 5000
2014 J & K 2600 205
2018 INDIA

10. YEAR STATE / name
2008 NISHA
2009 BIJLI
2010 LAILA
2013 VIYARU
2015 GUJRAT
2017 MARUTHA
1970 BHOLA
1990 MACHLIPATNAM
1977 ANDHRA
DISASTROUS CYCLONES IN INDIA --
LOSS 2 % OF GDP

11. DECADE No. CATTLE LOST
1991 - 2000 86831
2001 - 2010 88433
2011 - 2016 48708
GDP
1991 - 2000 0.33
2001 - 2010 0.31
Loss of cattle lives due to floods & Economic
Loss GDP ( Central Water Commission )

12. METEOROLOGICAL
PRECIPITATION
DECREASE > 25 %
HYDROLOGICAL
WATER SUPPLY
DEFICIENCY
AGRICULTURAL
SOIL MOISTURE
DEFICIENCY
TYPES OF DROUGHTS

14. DISTRESS SALE OF LIVESTOCK WEALTH DUE TO
NO FODDER – A MARKET SCENE

15. STARVING ANIMALS

16. STARVING
AND
THIRSTY
ANIMALS
COARSE
ROUGHAGES
THAT TOO
SHORT IN
CATTLE
RELIEF
CAMPS

17. ANIMALS DIED IN FLOODS / CYCLONE

18. DEAD ANIMALS FLOATING IN FLOOD WATER

19. ANIMALS AFTER TSUNAMI

20. FEEDS AND FODDERS DEFICITS
( IGFRI – Vision DOCUMENT)
Green fodder = 63.5 %
Dry fodder = 23.5 %
Concentrates = 44 %
Cost of Green Fodder during drought =
1500 – 2500 / tonne (2014 – 15)
DRY FODDER = Rs9500 / tonne

21. CATEGORY REQUIREMENTS
(MILLION
TONNES)
AVAILABILITY
(MILLION
TONNES)
PERCENT
DEFICIT
(%)
DRY FODDER 530 404 24
GREEN
FODDER
880 590 37
CONCENTRATE
S
96 61 33
Estimated Requirement & Availability of
Feed Resources By 2020 (NIANP)

22. COMMON LIVESTOCK FEED STUFFS FOR
CALAMITY HIT AREAS :
DRY GRASSES STOVERS WHEAT STRAW
STOVERS
WHEAT BHUSA PADDY STRAW TREE LEAVES DRY

23. QUALITY
GRASS HAY
GRASS +
LEGUME HAY
TREE LEAVES LEAF
MAEAL
FRUITS &
VEG WASTES
AGRO – IND
WASTES
RECOMMENDED FEEDING STUFFS
TREATED WITH UREA MOLASSES
AND FORTIFICATION WITH

24. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR QUALITY
ASPECTS
UREA = M0LASSES TREATMENT
ADD LEGUMES / LEAF MEAL
ADD FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WASTES
ADD AGRO – INDUSTRIAL BY PRODUCTS /
WASTES
ADD FOREST FELLINGS
ADD PLANTATION CROP RESIDUES
CHAFFING / REDUCED PARTICLE SIZE
BALING DENSIFICATION
FEED BLOCKS
BRIQUETING / PELLETING / WAFERING
ENSILAGING IN PLASTIC BAGS
HYDROPONICS

25. NATURE OF FEED STUFF BULK DENSITY
Kg / CUM
LEGUMINOUS HAY LOOSE 67 - 75
LEGUME HAY BALED 135 - 140
STRAW COMPACTED 100 - 200
LEGUME CHOPPED 105 – 115
SILAGE 210 – 270
CONTD …..
BULK DENSITY OF DIFFERENT FODDERS

26. NATURE OF FEED STUFF BULK DENSITY
Kg / CUM
STRAW LOOSE 30 - 35
STRAW 3 MONTH OLD
STACK
50 - 70
STRAW BALED 75 - 80
STRAW COMPACTED 100 - 200
STRAW CHOPPED 115 - 125
CONTD …..BULK DENSITY OF DIFFERENT
FODDERS

27. NATURE OF FEED STUFF BULK DENSITY
Kg / CUM
DRY GRASS LOOSE 40 – 60
DRY GRASS 6 MONTH
OLD STACK
80 – 100
GRASS HAY BALED 80 – 150
GRASS HAY
COMPACTED
200 – 350
CHOPPED HAY IN SILOS 300 - 400
BULK DENSITY OF DIFFERENT FODDERS

28. CARRIAGE CAPACITY OF DIFFERENT
TRANSPORT MODES FOR GRASSES ,
STRAWS AND STOVERS
PAY LOAD CAN NOT BE ACCOUNTED FOR
DUE TO BULKINESS
TRANSPORT MODE CARRIAGE CAPACITY
CART 400 – 500 KG LOCAL
TRUCK LORRY 4000 TO 5000 KG
RAIL WAGON 5600 KG

29. TATA 12 FEET 11 CBM
LP TRUCK 18 FEET 20 CBM
RAIL WAGON 56.29 CBM
FREIGHT BY TRUCK Rs 26 TO Rs 35 / KM
RAIL WAGON Rs 50 / TONNE UP TO 100 KM
Rs 192 / TONNE UP TO 500 KM
Rs 2025 / TONNE UP TO 2000 KM
Rs 3125 / TONNE UP TO 3000 KM
CARRIAGE VOLUME AND FREIGHT OF
DIFFERENT TRANSPORT MODES

30. TATA 12 FEET 11 CBM
LP TRUCK 18 FEET 20 CBM
RAIL WAGON 56.29 CBM
FREIGHT BY TRUCK Rs 26 TO Rs 35 / KM
RAIL WAGON Rs 50 / TONNE UP TO 100 KM
Rs 192 / TONNE UP TO 500 KM
Rs 2025 / TONNE UP TO 2000 KM
Rs 3125 / TONNE UP TO 3000 KM
CARRIAGE VOLUME OF TRUCK / RAIL
WAGON AND FREIGHT

31. TRANSPORT
MODE
MANUALLY PRESSED
GRASS HAY / WHEAT
STRAW B D 100 Kg /
CUM
DENSIFIED
GRASS HAY /
WHEAT STRAW
BD 350 Kg / CUM
20 CUM TRUCK 2000 KG 7000 KG
RAIL WAGON 5629 KG 19700KG
FEED BLOCK
B. D. 415 KG/ COM
20 CUM TRUCK 8300 KG
RAIL WAGON 23360 KG
20 CUM TRUCK SILAGE BD 270
KG CUM
5400 KG
RAIL WAGON 15200 KG
CARRIAGE CAPACITY OF TRANSPORT MODES
MANUALLY PRESSED AND DENSIFIED

32. PREVALENT TRANS PORT SYSTEM
RISKY TRACTOR
TRAILER AND
TRUCK
MULE
TRANSPOR
T ON HILLS

33. IMPROVED ROAD TRANSPORT SYSTEM
FOR FODDERS

34. STORAGE OF
WHEAT BHUSA
AND MAIZE
STOVERS
SURPLUS STORAGE
CONTD ….

35. Storage of grasses and silage

36. STORAGE OF LOOSE AND BALED GRASSES AND CHAFFED
MAIZE STOVERS

37. A SCENE OF FODDER BANK AT IGFRI

38. COST OF TRANSPORT TO SCARCITY HIT AREAS
TATA 12 FEET = 11 CBM
MODE TRANSPORT COST
TRUCK Rs 26 TO Rs 35 / km
TRUCK TO DROUGHT
AREA
Rs 1O /- / KM LESS
RAIL FREE OF COST FROM
STN TO STN
LOADING UNLOADING
CHARGEABLE
GOVT MADE RAIL
FREIGHT FREE AND

39. CHALLENGES INVITING SOLUTION
COST OF FODDER = 32 %
COST ON HANDLING = 32 %
COST ON TRANS PORT = 36 %
MAKE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT
CONVENIENT AND COST EFFECTIVE
TECHNOLOGY NEXT……….

40. GRASS / LEGUME / TREE LEAVES/ STRAW,
STOVERS, WHEAT BHUSA DENSIFYING
MACHINE
BALE SIZE ADJUSTABLE
DENSITY 350 TO 400 KG / CUM
COMPLETE FEED BLOCK

41. PADDY STRAW DENSIFICATION

42. MANUAL AND TRACTOR
FORAGE BALER

43. MANUAL HAY / STRAW BALING

44. MECHANICAL PLUNGER / HYDRAULIC
PRESS TYPE FEED BLOCK MAKING
50 % GOVT
SUBSIDY ON
ALL FORAGE
DENSIFYING /
BALING
MACHINES

45. STORAGE / FODDER BANK

46. STORAGE OF
WHEAT BHUSA AND
MAIZE STOVERS

47. ENSILING GREEN FORAGES, GREEN
FORAGES WITH STRAW AND STOEVRS,
TREE LEAVES WITH FRUITS AND
VEGETABLE WASTES , STRAW AND
STOVERS.

48. STORAGE OF LOOSE AND BALED GRASSES AND CHAFFED
MAIZE STOVERS

49. STRAW BRIQUETTING MACHINES AND
BRIQUETTS. BULK DENSITY 700 – 1000 KG / CUM

50. .
ALFALFA / BERSEEM PROCESSING FOR
PELLETS

51. HARVESTING AND HAY MAKING

52. HAY MAKING - OATS CROP AND
GRASSES

53. PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF TREE
LEAVES FODDER

54. LEAF MEAL

55. FEED PELLETING EQUIPMENT

56. FEED BRIQUETTING MACHINE AT IGFRI

57. PLANTATION CROPS AND FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES CONVERTING IN TO LIVESTOCK
FEED

58. FODDER BANKING
ABERRANT WEATHER IS A CONTINUOUS.
FEATURE
 GOVT ADVISED TO ESTABLISH FODDER
BANK AT DISTT LEVEL IN PRONE AREAS ON
HUB – SPOKE MODEL
GOVT SUBSIDISES EQUIPMENT @ 50 %.
INCENTIVE @ Rs 3200 / ha TO GROW
FODDER
GOVT FACILITATES KNOWING MARKET
AND PRICES IN COUNTRY
NUMEROUS FODDER COMPANIES HAVE
COME IN EXISTANCE.

59. FOODER PRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES
DROUGHTS AND FLOODS - RECURRING
FEATURE IN ONE OR THE OTHER PART OF
COUNTRY
INCREASING TREND IN URBAN DAIRIES.
HUGE POTENTIAL FOR FODDER VALUE
ADDITION.
GROWING FODDER MARKET VALUE CHAIN.
SHRINKING GRAZING AREAS.
INCREASING DEPENDENCY ON PURCHASED
FODDER.
INCREASING TRANSPORT COST FROM
DISTANT SURPLUS AREAS TO DEFICIT AREA.

60. EQUIPMENT FOR FODDER BANKING

61. HARVESTING AND HAY MAKING

63. PELLETING / BRIQUETTING
POWDERING ALL DRY HERBAGES

64. FEED BLOCK AND DENSIFICATION

65. HYDROPONICS START YIELDING
AFTER SEVEN DAYS
SIMPLE
COST
Rs18000/- 40
KG PER DAY

66. RAMKUMAR- ERNAKULAM & OTHERS
COOPERATIVE - GROWING 3263
TONNES FODDER ON 125 ACRES
SELLING Rs 1.2 CRORES ( Rs 3.70 / Kg
) MONTHLY PROFIT Rs ONE LAKH /
MONTH
GRASS IS MORE
GREENER FOR
FODDER
ENTREPRENEURS

67. COST OF GREEN FODDER Rs 5 / KG
HYDROPONICS FODDER Rs 5 / KG
DRY FODDER Rs 8 / KG
INVEST Rs 600 / GET
Rs 6000/-

68. SCARCITY TO
ADLIB TO SUPER
QUALITY
LIVESTOCK FEED
WITH DEDICATION
TO LIVESTOCK