Introduction to Heavy Construction Machinery

HEAVY CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
 Objective
An understanding of how construction
equipment and machines have been
developed in response to the demands of
the work to be undertaken.
 Topics to cover
1. Introduction to heavy machinery
2. Dumpers, Excavators, Loaders & types,
Road roller, Dredging, Paver finisher
3. Trencher and types, Grader
4. Mixers and types, Concrete plant
5. Vibrators, Cranes and types, Forklift,
Crusher

Course Outline
 Quiz tests - 40%
 Final viva - 30%
 Attendance, Presentations - 10%
 Homework Assignments - 20%

INTRODUCTION TO HEAVY
CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
 Construction is final objective of a
design, and the transformation of
design by construction into a useful
structure is accomplished by men and
machines. Men and machines transform a
project plan into reality.
 It is essential to know how to utilize
machines properly and to match their
capability to specific project
requirements.
 As the array of useful equipments
expands, the importance of careful
planning for construction operation
increases.

 Machines: Mechanical/Electrical system
that amplify human energy, improve our
level of control and process
information.
 Until the 19th century and into the
early 20th century heavy machines were
drawn under human or animal power.
 In 1860’s Suez canal excavation by
Lessseps and his engineers by
experimenting and then making 300 steam-
powered mechanical dredges work at site
yielded main canal’s 74 Million m3
excavation.

 Dreams of V.G Fontana to build machines
that would aid in dredging ports, rivers
and canals back in 1420 accomplished by
Leonardo da Vinci soon after (in 1501),
having had in it some power source problem.
 Otis William built the first practical
power showel excavating machine, “ The 1st
Yankee Geologist”, in 1837. It was put to
work the very next year on a railroad
project in Massachusetts.
 In early 1880’s an era of major
construction projects began. Bucyrus became
leading builder of steam shovels. The most
important driver in excavator development
was railroad. (70,000 miles railway were
constructed in U.S between 1885 and 1897)

 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
 Gasoline tractor was demonstrated in 1893
by “The Best Manufacturing company”
(predecessor to Caterpillar, Inc)
 The first application of ICE for excavating
equipment occurred in 1910.
 Gasoline-engine-powered shovel introduced
by Henry Harnischfeger in 1914.
 Cummin’s diesel engine in early 1900’s
(appeared in excavators following WW-1).
This replaced the steam boiler in shovels.
 First gas-powered shovel was brought I n
Connecticut in 1922-23. It was employed in
a federal-aid road project.

Ist Intenal
Combustion engine
Mechanism and
components of an
ICE

 3 SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPMENTS
 High Strength steels
Before WW-II : Steels in 30,000 to
35,000 psi yield range
After WW-II : Steels in 40,000 to
45,000 psi yield range
Overall weights of machines reduced.
The weight of 40 ton truck body was
reduced from 25,000 to 16,000 lbs with
unchanged body reliability.

 Nylon cord tires
Nylon cord material in tires increased
load capacity and heat resistance of
tires. Also actual number of plies
reduced that allowed tires to run
cooler and achieve better traction.
 High-output diesel engines
New ways were developed to have more
output power from a cubic inch of
engine displacement.

 FUTURE OF EQUIPMENT INNOVATION
 Level of Control
Operational control from human to the
machine
 Amplification of Human energy
Shift of energy requirements from man to the
machine
 Information processing
Gathering and processing of information by
machine

 THE FUTURE
A time may come when base machine is
considered only a mobile counter-weight
with a hydraulic power plant. Through
multiple attachments the base machine
will perform a variety of tasks.
e.g. Hydraulic excavators having many
attachments such as hammers, compacters,
shears and material handling equipment.
Wheel loaders having brooms, forks, and
stringers is another example.

 Navigation of equipment
It draws on some very ancient
techniques as well as some of the
most advanced in space science and
engineering.
Geospatial engineering is rapidly
expanding and being transferred to
construction applications.

GPS (A highly precise satellite-based
navigation system) guidance becoming
common and reduce the need for
surveyors to stake the work in
field.
In Grader or dozer DTM to be plotted
onto P.C and the machine is guided
where display indicates. Machine
position, along with cut or fill
information, will appear on a screen
in front of operator all times.

Further in future, machine
designers are thinking of an
operator working from home. The
field operations would be projected
by large scale display devices onto
the rooms of wall. The operator
would operate the machine from these
images enhanced by glasses that
provide a 3D effect.

 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Construction equipment must be
retested every six (06) months while
in use on site. Any equipment used
during this construction may be
subject to confirmatory noise level
testing by the contractor at the
request of engineer.

 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Equipment-intensive projects present
great financial risk and other risk
factors are financing structure,
construction activity levels (amount
of work being put out to work for
bid), labor legislation and
agreements, and safety regulations.

 SAFETY
The rate of personal injury and
death resulting from construction
work is too high. Of all major
industry classifications,
construction has one of the poorest
safety records.
Comprehensive set of rules and
regulations regarding construction
safety is Occupational Safety and
Health Act (OSHA) being practiced in
U.S.A

 PLANNING EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION
The task of the project planner is
to match the right machine or
combination or combinations of
machines to the job at hand.
Considering individual tasks, the
quality of performance is measured
by matching the equipment spread’s
production against its cost.

“Production” is work done; it can be
the volume or weight of material
moved, the number of pieces of
material cut, the distance travelled
or any similar measurement of
progress.

Machine productivity is first of all
determined to estimate the equipment
component of project cost.
Each level of productivity has a
corresponding cost associated with
the effort expended.
Analysis of expenses that a firm
experiences through machine
ownership and use is very important
to understand.

Although each major type of
equipment has different operational
characteristics, it is not always
obvious which machine is best for a
particular project task until and
unless site is visited and
conditions are judged.

No two projects are alike; therefore,
it is important that the planner
begins each new project with a
completely open mind and reviews all
possible options. Additionally,
machines are constantly being
improved and new equipment is being
introduced.

 Identification of Heavy Equipments
A. Functional
B. Operational
A bulldozer pushing a stockpile of
material could be (operationally)
identified as a support machine for an
aggregate production plant. The
bulldozer could however be functionally
classified as an excavator.
The basic purpose is to explain the
performance characteristics of a
specific equipment and then to describe
the most common applications of for that
machine.

ASSIGNMENT. 01
Write a 1-page paper each (on MS word
ONLY) about:
1. The equipment used to accomplish
the construction of Mangla Dam
2. Safety and regulations that impact
the construction industry
***To be submitted in NEXT WEEK.

ASSIGNMENT. 01
 NOTE: Copied assignments((The
person copying and the provider
both) & Late submission will be
treated as zero marks. Therefore, it
is advised to “DO YOUR OWN”
assignment and do not copy it from
your fellows.

Introduction to Heavy Construction Machinery

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Introduction to Heavy Construction Machinery