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Audubon and his Predecessors:
    Catesby and Wilson
“Scala naturae” (Great Chain of Being), Didacus Valdes, Rhetorica Christiana, 1579
Leonardo da Vinci, bird studies, c. 1500
Leonardo da Vinci, designs for flying machines, c. 1500
Ulisse Aldrovandi, Ornithologiae (Bologna, 1599)
Watercolor for Ulisse Aldrovandi, Ornithologiae (Bologna, 1599)
John White, Head of a Brown Pelican, 1585-93
    Watercolor over graphite on paper, 18.5 x 22.4 cm., British Museum
John White, Flamingo, 1585-1593                                 John James Audubon, American Flamingo, 18
Watercolor over graphite on paper, 29.6 x 19.7 cm., British Museum, London          Watercolor, New-York Historical Society
John White, Flamingo, 1585-1593               Robert Havell after Audubon, American Flamingo, 1838
Watercolor on paper, British Museum, London   Hand-colored engraving, 38 ¼ x 25 ½ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 431
Mark Catesby, Flamingo, 1729-43                                  Robert Havell after Audubon, American Flamingo, 1838
Hand-colored etching, 13 ¾ x 10 ¼ in., from The Natural History of Carolina,   Hand-colored engraving, 38 ¼ x 25 ½ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 431
         Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 1731-43, vol. 1, pl. 73
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Systema Naturae, 1735
Mark Catesby, Fishing Hawk, from The Natural History of   John James Audubon, Fish Hawk or Osprey, 1806
  Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 1731-43                Houghton Library, Harvard University
Mark Catesby, White Ibis, from The        Robert Havell after John James Audubon, White Ibis, 1834
Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and     Hand-colored engraving, 26 x 20 ¾ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 222
     the Bahama Islands, 1731-43
William Bartram, Great Alachua Savana, 1765
      Ink on paper, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia
Lawson after Alexander Wilson, Carolina Parrot,   Havell after Audubon, Carolina Parakeet, 1825
         from American Ornithology, pl. 26        Hand-colored engraving, 33 ¼ x 23 ½ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 26
John James Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828
   Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, plate 31
Lawson after Wilson, White-headed Eagle, 1811              Havell after Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828
         Hand-colored engraving, 10 x 13 ¼ in.,
     from Wilson, American Ornithology, vol. 4, pl. 36   Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 31
Lawson after Wilson, White-headed Eagle, 1811                        Havell after Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828
             Hand-colored engraving, 10 x 13 ¼ in.,
         from Wilson, American Ornithology, vol. 4, pl. 36           Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 31




                                                                  American Bald Eagle, collected by
                                                                  Alexander Wilson in Egg Harbor,
                                                                  NJ, prepared by Charles Willson
                                                                           Peale, c.1811
                                                                      Museum of Comparative Zoology,
                                                                            Harvard University




American Bald Eagle, prepared by member of the Peale
         family for Peale Museum, c.1805
     Independence National Historical Park Museum, Philadelphia
Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828
                                                              Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, plate 31




                                                                                                      John James Audubon,
                                                                                                        Wild Turkey, 1825
                                                                                                  Watercolor and graphite on paper, 38 ¾
                                                                                                  x 26 in., New-York Historical Society




Charles Willson Peale, The Artist in His Museum, 1822
       Oil on canvas, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
Alexander Wilson and Titian Ramsay Peale,     John James Audubon, Wild Turkey, 1825
      Wild Turkey Male and Female,          Watercolor and graphite on paper, 38 ¾ x 26 in., New-York Historical Society
   from Wilson, American Ornithology

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Audubon's Predecessors - Braddock

  • 1. Audubon and his Predecessors: Catesby and Wilson
  • 2. “Scala naturae” (Great Chain of Being), Didacus Valdes, Rhetorica Christiana, 1579
  • 3. Leonardo da Vinci, bird studies, c. 1500
  • 4. Leonardo da Vinci, designs for flying machines, c. 1500
  • 6. Watercolor for Ulisse Aldrovandi, Ornithologiae (Bologna, 1599)
  • 7. John White, Head of a Brown Pelican, 1585-93 Watercolor over graphite on paper, 18.5 x 22.4 cm., British Museum
  • 8. John White, Flamingo, 1585-1593 John James Audubon, American Flamingo, 18 Watercolor over graphite on paper, 29.6 x 19.7 cm., British Museum, London Watercolor, New-York Historical Society
  • 9. John White, Flamingo, 1585-1593 Robert Havell after Audubon, American Flamingo, 1838 Watercolor on paper, British Museum, London Hand-colored engraving, 38 ¼ x 25 ½ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 431
  • 10. Mark Catesby, Flamingo, 1729-43 Robert Havell after Audubon, American Flamingo, 1838 Hand-colored etching, 13 ¾ x 10 ¼ in., from The Natural History of Carolina, Hand-colored engraving, 38 ¼ x 25 ½ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 431 Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 1731-43, vol. 1, pl. 73
  • 11. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Systema Naturae, 1735
  • 12. Mark Catesby, Fishing Hawk, from The Natural History of John James Audubon, Fish Hawk or Osprey, 1806 Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, 1731-43 Houghton Library, Harvard University
  • 13. Mark Catesby, White Ibis, from The Robert Havell after John James Audubon, White Ibis, 1834 Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and Hand-colored engraving, 26 x 20 ¾ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 222 the Bahama Islands, 1731-43
  • 14. William Bartram, Great Alachua Savana, 1765 Ink on paper, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia
  • 15. Lawson after Alexander Wilson, Carolina Parrot, Havell after Audubon, Carolina Parakeet, 1825 from American Ornithology, pl. 26 Hand-colored engraving, 33 ¼ x 23 ½ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 26
  • 16. John James Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828 Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, plate 31
  • 17. Lawson after Wilson, White-headed Eagle, 1811 Havell after Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828 Hand-colored engraving, 10 x 13 ¼ in., from Wilson, American Ornithology, vol. 4, pl. 36 Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 31
  • 18. Lawson after Wilson, White-headed Eagle, 1811 Havell after Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828 Hand-colored engraving, 10 x 13 ¼ in., from Wilson, American Ornithology, vol. 4, pl. 36 Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, pl. 31 American Bald Eagle, collected by Alexander Wilson in Egg Harbor, NJ, prepared by Charles Willson Peale, c.1811 Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University American Bald Eagle, prepared by member of the Peale family for Peale Museum, c.1805 Independence National Historical Park Museum, Philadelphia
  • 19. Audubon, White-headed Eagle, 1828 Hand-colored engraving, 37 x 25 ¼ in., from The Birds of America, plate 31 John James Audubon, Wild Turkey, 1825 Watercolor and graphite on paper, 38 ¾ x 26 in., New-York Historical Society Charles Willson Peale, The Artist in His Museum, 1822 Oil on canvas, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
  • 20. Alexander Wilson and Titian Ramsay Peale, John James Audubon, Wild Turkey, 1825 Wild Turkey Male and Female, Watercolor and graphite on paper, 38 ¾ x 26 in., New-York Historical Society from Wilson, American Ornithology