This document summarizes the rise of nationalism and unification movements in Germany and Italy in the 19th century. It discusses how Bismarck used war and diplomacy to unify the German states and create a German Empire by 1871. It also outlines the obstacles to Italian unity and how figures like Cavour and Garibaldi helped overcome these obstacles and create a unified Italian state by 1870. The document also briefly discusses the challenges these new nations faced, as well as nationalism within other European empires like Austria-Hungary and Russia.