Tuberculosis Essay

Tuberculosis Essay examples
Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death from many infectious diseases (3). Out of 9 million
people who are infected with mycobacteria, about 2 million deaths occur from tuberculosis every
year (3). Unfortunately, the prevalence of tuberculosis is in a continuous increase due to increased
number of Human immunodeificnecy virus (HIV) patients, bacterial resistance to anti–tuberculous
drugs, and growing number of recreational drug users (3). The pathogen responsible for bacterial
infection, potentially causing tuberculosis, is mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (2). Persons with
adequate immune system can control the bacterial infection so mycobacteria remain dormant for a
long time (11). In a typical tuberculous granuloma, mature...show more content...
This paper will illustrate the transmission dynamics, life cycle, and mechanisms of drug resistance in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogen, which its physiology is directly linked to features of
tuberculosis that it causes. The crucial feature for a mycobacteria's survival is its unique cell wall
structure. The insoluble cell wall core of MTB is formed by a large variety of lipid–containing
molecules, such as mycolic acid, that are covalently attached (6). This hydrophobic cell wall
provides a physical protection from the host immune response and serves as a barrier against many
toxic insults (2). Further, the complex MTB cell wall is impermeable to both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic molecules, resulting in inherent resistance of MTB to most common antibiotics (8).
Lipoarabinomannan is an antigen on the outside of the organism. This antigen is another important
component of the cell wall because it inhibit the fusion of Mycobacterium–containing phagosomes
with lysosomal compartments (4). Lipoarabinomannan hinders the fusion of phagosome with
lysosome by impairing Ca2+/calmodulin pathway and inactivates macrophages (8). Therefore, this
cell–surface component of MTB is able to facilitate the survival of mycrobacteria within
macrophages (8). Also, MTB is able to survive the harsh environment of the host tissues by utilizing
any available
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

Mycobacterial Disease: Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease that affects the lungs and can often be serious when
not treated quickly and properly. Tuberculosis is a miserable illness to have and is caused by the
bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis being spread through the air. Symptoms include severe
coughing that can last for longer than three weeks, coughing up blood, chest pain, pain when
breathing or coughing, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and lack of appetite. This
illness can also affect other organs or body parts, which lead to additional symptoms. When it
occurs outside the lungs the symptoms correspond to the place it occurs. Examples include back
pain when it occurs in your spine and blood in urine when it occurs in the...show more content...
When combined they shortened the duration of therapy to nine months, and when pyrazinamide is
added it shortens the duration to six months. When there is resistance to isoniazid during the
treatment, ethambutol or streptomycin are used instead. This may extend the duration of the
therapy, but it will still be successful. When there is a resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin, the
patient is in a critical condition. An extended duration of therapy will be required because the
loss in early bactericidal action is significant. Treatment is done in a laboratory so there is an
increased amount of laboratory support if there is an issue with the treatment. Patients showing a
resistance to both have a significantly lower chance at being cured than the patients showing a
resistance to one. The chances of being cured are about fifty percent. A resectional surgery is
being performed to enhance the cure rates. It has proven to increase the cure rate; however, it is
highly complicated and must be performed very precisely by a highly skilled surgeon. Treatments
and medications are being invented every day, and hopefully one day there will be an official way
to control

Informative Essay On Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that affects a persons lungs and has the ability to be life
threatening. The bacteria that causes TB is known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (https:/
/www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/). The TB bacteria is spread from person to person when an infected
person coughs or sneezes and minute droplets enter the air. Approximately one third of people
throughout the world have latent TB
(http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/). Individuals that have latent TB should be
treated, which will decrease the spread of the disease (http://www.mayoclinic.org
/diseases–conditions/tuberculosis/home/ovc–20188556).
When a person has latent TB this indicates that they have acquired the TB germ but do not...show
more content...
They usually have to take several antibiotics at one time, such as "isoniazid (INH), rifampin RIF),
ethambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA) every day for a minimum of six months. The person
must adhere to this strict regime because if they stop the course of treatment the bacteria will
continue to multiple in their body. Furthermore, when the medication is restarted it will require
them to take it for a longer period of time in order for them to improve. However, this will put
them at risk for the medication to become resistant to the bacteria. When the patient becomes
resistant to the medication the physician has to start different medications and the patient must take
them for a longer period of time and generally the side effects are more severe (https:/
/www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/faqs/pdfs/qa.pdf). The best method to treat individuals with active
TB is by utilizing the DOT method. By using the DOT method the person may only have to take
the medication a few time a week as opposed to taking it daily. The health care worker will visit the
individual at their home which will ensure treatment is being adhered to and the bacteria is
contained. The health care worker can also monitor for any side effects and make sure that the
patient has follow up care with the physician until the person is cured from

Tuberculosis : Tuberculosis And Tuberculosis
TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB is a disease that has seen its prevalence not only in
developing countries but also in developed nations. It has such a detrimental effect that it has
seen an increased mortality in the past few years and it's the leading cause of death in people with
HIV. A report by CDC (2015) states that in 2014 the disease infected a third of the world; 9.6 million
people around the world were diagnosed with TB disease with 1.5 million deaths worldwide (
Tuberculosis, 2015).
Definition
"TB is a contagious and often severe airborne disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (Mtb) bacteria. TB typically affects the lungs, but it can also affect any other organ
of the body,"(tuberculosis, 2015). Tb can be classified as either latent or active. TB is called
latent when a person has the Tb bacteria but does not feel sick. This person cannot spread the
bacteria but it does increase the chance that they will be diagnosed with active TB if they become
immunocompromised. Active TB displays full blows signs and symptoms of TB and can be spread
to other people through droplets in the air.
Mode of Transmission
"Tuberculosis is transmitted from person–to–person mainly by airborne particles known as droplet
nuclei expelled by infected individuals when coughing or sneezing. The lower respiratory is usually
the portal of entry thus making the lungs the major site of infection.
Indirect transmission of tuberculosis can occur by contact

Tuberculosis : A Infectious Disease Essay
Tuberculosis; often referred to as the silent killer, is a highly infectious disease that is contracted
annually by 9.3 million individuals globally, and causes 1.8 million deaths. It's high mortality rate
led to the formation of the American Lung Association in the United States in 1904, after it was
declared the leading cause of death during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The
origin of tuberculosis is not certain; the first documented deaths were recorded in ancient Egypt and
Greece, when it was known fittingly as "consumption", coined for of its all–consuming nature.
Today, tuberculosis is more of a problem in developing countries, but is still a threat in the United
States. To take preventative measures to avoid contracting this deadly disease it is important to know
the causes, life–cycle, how its diagnosed, interactions with the immune system, and public health
actions to reduce risk of infection.Tuberculosis is a facultative intercellular bacterial parasite caused
by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacteria are rod shaped in appearance and is a
gram–positive bacterium. One characteristic unique to Mycobacteria is the addition to an extra
layer beyond the thick peptidoglycan cell wall that is composed of lipids and polysaccharides; this
gives M. tuberculosis a unique envelope that makes the cell have low permeability (advantage
against the immune system). M. Tuberculosis doubles it's population every 18–24 hours, which is
considered

Tuberculosis And Its Effects On Society Essay
Tuberculosis is one of the many diseases to which is attributed less attention than it deserves. The
media consistently assures we hear about health issues such as Ebola and AIDS, but tuberculosis
affects a great part of the word and has done so for decades. Sadly, as a result of the little light
shone on the problem, the existing means of informing the public are not ideal, being either
traumatizing to the audience or not emphasizing the severity of the issue to the proper degree. To do
my part to bring proper awareness to tuberculosis as well as the injustice surrounding its treatment in
various parts of the world, I decided to create a musical piece consisting of two tracks, one
representing the progression of TB in a person in Peru and the other representing the progression of
TB in a person in the United States. This would connect the biology of TB through its symptoms,
demonstrating how it affects the body, the field of art, as it is represented using music, and social
justice, as it attempts to bring attention to the unequal opportunities for proper treatment available to
individuals living in different regions. This interest in tuberculosis and the unequal opportunities
available to individuals with tuberculosis stems from watching a documentary entitled "An Incurable
TB?" that explored the impact of tuberculosis in Peru. In the video, two American doctors, Paul
Farmer and Jim Yong Kim, grew concerned about the situation and eventually began to smuggle
drugs into

Tuberculosis ( Tb ), A Communicable Disease
This paper will address the description of Tuberculosis (TB), a communicable disease, the
determinants of health and how these factors contribute to the development of this disease, the
epidemiologic triangle as it relates to Tuberculosis, the role of the community health nurse and how
one national agency contributes to resolving or reducing the impact of this disease.
"Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious and an often severe airborne disease caused by bacterial
infection. TB is transmitted from an infected person to a susceptible person in airborne particles,
called droplet nuclei, through the air usually through sneezing, coughing, spitting and singing. This
bacterium usually attacks the lungs, but it also may affect any part of the body such as the kidney,
spine and brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result there are two
TB– related conditions that exist; latent TB infection and TB disease. The latent TB does not
cause any symptoms because the bacterium situated in the lungs is inactive. People can have
latent TB for weeks or even years before developing active TB. If this disease is not treated
properly, it can be fatal. The symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the TB
bacteria are growing. Pulmonary TB is the most common and the symptoms are a bad cough that
lasts for 3 weeks or longer, chest pain, blood discharge while coughing, weakness or fatigue, weight
loss, no appetite, chills, fever and sweating at night" (CDC, 2016).

Effects Of Tuberculosis In The Victorian Era
Tuberculosis in the Victorian Era
Tuberculosis has been one of the most fatal diseases since the beginning of history. However, it
was especially dangerous during the Victorian Era. All Victorians experienced the distress of
tuberculosis in some way, making it a tremendous problem for society at the time. The eternal
search for an effective, absolute cure of this dreaded disease has lasted for centuries, from the
Ancient Egyptians on the Nile, to modern times. Nevertheless, several crucial leaps were made in
the medical field during the Victorian Era that helped to curb the toll of tuberculosis on society.
Tuberculosis is a potentially lethal, contagious disease, mainly caused by a bacterium known as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or Mtb. This...show more content...
Tuberculosis is spread from person to person through droplet infection. In other words, when an
active victim coughs, they eject millions of tiny infected aerosol droplets of sputum into the air, and
when another person breathes in the Mtb, the bacteria nestle in the lungs, make themselves at home,
and immediately begin multiplying. Contrary to popular belief, although tuberculosis is contagious,
it is not as highly contagious as compared to other infectious diseases. Around one in three close
contacts, mainly immediate family and intimate friends, and one in ten remote contacts of an
infected individual, consequently became infected as well, through exposure to contaminated air
(Tuberculosis). This nature of tuberculosis often caused tragedies in households, killing off entire
families at a time, since the most frequent visitors were

Primary Tuberculosis Essay
Introduction
Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It's contagious, meaning that
it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to
being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak
defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis
is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious
nature (World Health Organization 1).
Although Africa and other developing nations lead in the number of those infected with tuberculosis,
the infected population in the world is currently estimated to be at around one third of the...show
more content...
When one inhales air coughed out by TB patients, the infection is referred to as primary tuberculosis.
In most instances, most people get infected with primary tuberculosis, but since its severity is
minimal, there are higher chances of recovery (CDC 17). The infection rate of primary tuberculosis
depends on the strength of an individual's immune system.
Since the disease can be rather opportunistic, it can remain in an individual's system for quite a long
time, and as long as the immune system is strong, chances of infections will be less. However, once
the body weakens, either because of other infections, and especially terminal diseases, the bacteria
become active and infectious.
The disease can be transmitted mainly through the air, but there are other means of being infected
with TB. Alcohol and drug abuse are some of the popular means in which infection can occur and
since the drugs weaken the immune system, the spread of the ailment can be rather fast. Terminal
diseases like HIV and cancer reduce the immune system and this promotes propagation of the disease
into an individual's body system.
Risk Factors
The risk factors for contracting the disease vary according to age, health conditions, or location.
The elderly people and infants are likely to get TB mainly because their immune systems are weak.
As an individual grows old, the immune system weakens and this can increase chances of being

Tuberculosis Essay
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis has existed since 2000 BC. There has been evidence of tubercles in mummified
Egyptian mummies dating around 2400 BC with clear symptoms of the disease. The Greeks were
the people to give the disease it's name tuberculosis which means small lumps. The major epidemics
of tuberculosis were in the seventeenth century and in the nineteenth century, which mainly affected
the Untied States and Europe.
Little was known about how to fight or cure tuberculosis and there was also little research done on
tuberculosis. It wasn't until the nineteenth century that great strives was made in helping find a cure
for tuberculosis. In 1882 Robert Koch discovered a staining technique that eventually let him see the
bacteria...show more content...
The vaccine was successful and the newborn never developed the disease.
Then in 1944 microbiologist Selman Waksman isolated an anti tuberculosisantibiotic, antinomyein
but was too toxic for humans or animals to use. In 1943 Waksman discovered streptomycin a
substance from streptomyes griseus that killed the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis, being the
modern era of antibiotic therapy. With the use of antibiotics, tuberculosis decreased through out the
world for the next thirty years. Mortality rates dropped sharply. In the United States tuberculosis
dropped from 188 per 100,000 people in 1980 to about 1 per 100,000 people in 1980.
The new cure for Tuberculosis was working so well that medical experts expected that tuberculosis
would be completely eliminated by the year 2010. Unfortunately by 1985 tuberculosis began to get
out of control in most underdeveloped countries and even in the United States where it increased by
20 percent. One reason for the increase of tuberculosis was HIV. People how became infected with
HIV have their immune systems weakened by the disease which greatly increase the risk of getting
tuberculosis. The increase of tuberculosis was the highest in African and Asia, where HIV infects the
highest number of people in the world. Another reason for the increase of tuberculosis was the
failure of patients to complete their whole proscribed medicine. Most people take the medicine until
the felt

Tuberculosis Research Paper
On May 2007, there was an international manhunt for Andrew Speaker. His face was plastered all
over the news and there was an urgency to capture him. For a brief period he was the most wanted
individual in the United States and finding his location at that current time was of the upmost
priority (Altman, 2007). The only crime Andre had committed was that fact that he was in cohorts
with Tuberculosis. When they finally found him, they put him in quarantine. Why this grave
precaution? What had made him the most wanted man in the world and what is the story behind
Tuberculosis? Tuberculosis has been with us since ancient times (Lawn & Zumla, 2011). The
earliest recorded date of its presence in humans have been found in Egyptian mummies dating from
3000–2400BC (Zink, et al., 2003). Also known as consumption or white plague, it ravaged the
lives in North America and Europe in the 18th and 19th century (McCarthy, 2009) . Finally the
microbe that caused the disease, tuberculosis was discovered by Dr. Robert Koch, a German
microbiologist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine for his findings (Nobel Prize)....show
more content...
Fortunately TB is curable with the right treatment regime. TB cases in the United States have
declined since 1993, but the disease is still a concern. Two–third of people will succumb to this
disease and die, if not treated properly (WHO,

Tuberculosis Essay
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a deadly disease that is now affecting our world and the people living in it in a
horrible way. Due to many factors such as poverty, HIV/AIDS, and lack of health care, many third
world and developing countries have been left very vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is affecting a large
part of these countries and is leading them deeper into poverty and sickness. The effort to help these
countries against tuberculosis has only been slightly effective against this widespread and destructive
disease.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects one third of the world's population. The most
infected areas are developing counties or third worlds countries such as Africa, India, Pakistan, and
East Timor....show more content...
For the top three reporting states (California, New York, and Texas), the 1998
––2003 decrease in
cases among U.S.–born people (32.2%; from 3,179 to 2,155) was four times larger than the
reduction among foreign born people (7.6%; from 4,420 to 4,086) (Trends in Tuberculosis Page 1–
United States).
Africa has the highest rate of tuberculosis per capita, although it changes within the African
countries from 17.8% in Cameroon to 70% in Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Africa only has
11% of the world's population, but it accounts for more than a quarter of people infected with
tuberculosis. It has an estimated 2.4 million tuberculosis cases and 540,000 tuberculosis deaths
annually (WHO declares TB an emergency in Africa Para 4). In Zambia, which has a population of
11 million, 64% lives on less than one dollar a day. There are now 680 cases per 100,000 people of
TB in Zambia. The TB epidemic has been made worse by the HIV epidemic in Zambia. It has an
HIV prevalence rate of 17% and more than 70% of TB patients in Zambia are also infected with HIV
/AIDS (Projects in Africa Para 1). In Malawi, which has a population of 12 million, 42% live on less
than one dollar a day. In addition to this, Malawi is one of the worst infected HIV/AIDS countries
and TB is a foremost cause of death among

Tuberculosis Essay
Epidemiology Paper: Tuberculosis
Kyle J. Patzner
Grand Canyon University: Concepts in Community and Public Health
January 12, 2014
Tuberculosis has long been a disease that the human culture has been dealing with which entails
significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With dealing with such a horrific disease over the
years, discoveries and evolution on the appropriate ways to contain, diagnose, and challengingly
treat the disease has changed. One of the most concerning complications of this worldwide public
health issue is the ability for it to quickly spread in high populated areas while becoming ever more
resistant to forms of treatment not available in all locations around the world. This is a serious public
...show more content...
With the close proximity infection range TB is known for completes the remainder of the
epidemiologic triangle. Overcrowded environments are the coal to the fire of this transmittable
disease with outbreaks capable of occurring, infection hundreds. Common symptoms of this active
form of tuberculosis include: weight loss, coughing, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and loss of
appetite (MayoClinic, 2014). The Mayo Clinic also states that it is believed that 2 billion (one third)
of the world population is living with Latent TB (2014). This emphasizes the need for public health
and community involvement in order to completely abolish this disease from our planet.
Current treatment of this disease is a complex, long process. Because of TBs notorious background
of being resistant to many drugs, treatment usually consists of an antibiotic regimen lasting upwards
of 6–12 months. Treatment also varies from individual to individual. Age, health, TB form, and
location of infection all impact the type of treatment one is given to aide in curing the disease
(MayoClinic, 2014). Regardless, treatment of this disease is not an easy task for many reasons.
Compliance and patients tolerance to such a strict medication regimen for a prolonged period of
time is a huge variable which decreases the likeness of successful treatment related to increased
occurrences of medication side effects and missed dosages. According to World Health Organization

Essay On Epidemiology Of Tuberculosis
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is one of the major threats to the public health. It is poverty related disease and has
affected millions of lives globally, mostly in the third world country. Prisoners, homeless people, and
poor people are high risk for tuberculosis in the United States of America. Although the cases of
tuberculosis (TB) infection has declined in recent years but eradication of this disease has been out
of reach globally. This paper will describe the demographic and clinical description of tuberculosis.
Furthermore, this paper will explain the determinants of tuberculosis and their contribution to
disease development. Moreover, tuberculosis will be described within an epidemiological model and
the effect of the component of the model in disease process. The paper will also discuss the role and
responsibility of the community health nurse in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of the
disease. Lastly, this paper will identify the effort the organization to address tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease affects the
lungs. "TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough,
sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these
germs to become infected" (World Health Organization [WHO], 2016, para. 3). Tuberculosis is
highly contagious however it is preventable and curable. But, due to lack of education and

Tuberculosis Is An Infectious Disease Essay
Ministries of Health, states there is still an increase of number of cases of tuberculosis diagnosed
each year in New Zealand, approximately 300 cases. Tuberculosis is known to be one of the oldest
disease among humans and today is one of the leading causes infection and death in adults.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016) about one–third of the world's population
is suffering with this disease at present even though there are vaccine widely available. Though there
is still a high morbidity rate in some countries every year. Africa, Western and Southeast Asia are the
most affected areas, making approximately 86 percent of tuberculosis cases in the world.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis is a contagious infection that begins in the lungs and rapidly pass to other organs in the
body including the kidneys, brain and bones. According to (WHO, 2016) nearly one third of the
world's population have tuberculosis, furthermore, approximately two million people die from the
disease worldwide. Tuberculosis is spread by inhaling airborne droplets from an infected person.
These airborne particles come from the infected person by sneezing, coughing or laughing.
Tuberculosis cannot spread, from touching a doorknob after a person with tuberculosis have touch it.
Most infectious do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis approximately one in ten latent
infections eventually develops latent disease

Essay on Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis. It was the cause of countless deaths throughout the history of humanity. It has been a
fearful disease and has existed with humans for thousands of years; in the past two centuries alone,
it ruthlessly murdered and crippled billions of people! It also has been called the white plague or
white death, as this single microbe can be so devastating. It is one of the diseases that has tormented
humans for ages and the story of this gruesome slaughterer continues even today. Tuberculosis (TB)
has various infections that can completely immobilize one's body. Its infections are varied and it
generally eats away lung tissues and forms boils that releases pus. As disease proceeds, lungs would
mercilessly be devoured and the...show more content...
Many patients have in reality survived. One supposed discovery of a helpful treatment ended in a
tragedy. Robert Koch, a renowned scientist who saved thousands of lives, had discovered the
tuberculin skin test that facilitated the detection of infection of TB. The procedure of the test
simply inserts a protein that is sensitive to TB and if one is inflicted with TB, the site will swell
and become red in 48–72 hours (70). However, Koch thought that his discovery was the cure, a
misconception that led to deaths of multiple people. Years after this unfortunate event, real
antibiotics arrived, which included streptomycin, para–aminosalicyclic acid (PAS), and Conteben.
PAS was discovered by Jorgen Lehmann and it was effective as Streptomycin. PAS especially was
effective against intestinal TB as it was taken orally. However, it wasn't praised as much as
Streptomycin simply because of slow publishment and people's skepticism on over–the–counter
medicines. Conteben was found by Cerhard Domagk, an effective drug against throat and bowels
TB. These 3 great antibiotics ignited a fire of passion in people to make more antibiotics, leading
the scientists to discover isoniazid (INH), rifampin and ethambutol that were more effective.
However, as the antibiotics were used ceaselessly, the disease formed an antibiotics resistance. From
mid–1980's to early

Tuberculosis or TB Essay
Tuberculosis or TB I. Introduction Print section Tuberculosis (TB), chronic or acute bacterial
infection that primarily attacks the lungs, but which may also affect the kidneys, bones, lymph
nodes, and brain. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a rod–shaped bacterium.
Symptoms of TB include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, weight loss,
fever, chills, and fatigue. Children and people with weakened immune systems are the most
susceptible to TB. Half of all untreated TB cases are fatal.
In 1993 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB to be a global emergency, the first such
designation ever made by that organization. According to WHO, one individual becomes infected
with TB every...show more content...
Symptoms include coughing, night sweats, weight loss, and fever. A chest X ray may show
shadows in the lung or fluid collection between the lung and its lining. If the bacteria are inhibited,
rather than destroyed, the immune cells and the bacteria form a mass known as a granuloma or
tubercle. In effect, the immune cells form a wall around inactive bacteria. As long as the immune
system remains strong, the TB bacteria remain walled off and inactive. The tubercle gradually
collects calcium deposits to form what is known as a Ghon focus. These initial tubercles in the lung
usually heal, leaving permanent scars that appear as shadows in chest X rays. At this initial stage of
TB, the disease does not progress, but bacteria may remain dormant in the body for many years. If
the immune system becomes weakened, the tubercle opens, releasing the bacteria, and the infection
may develop into secondary TB.
B. Secondary TB Print section In secondary TB, the formerly dormant bacteria multiply and destroy
tissue in the lungs. They also may spread to the rest of the body via the bloodstream. Fluid or air
may collect between the lungs and the lining of the lungs, while tubercles continue to develop in the
lung, progressively destroying lung tissue. Coughing of blood or phlegm may occur. At this
secondary stage, carriers of TB can infect others.
III. Diagnosis of Infection and Disease Print section Diagnosis of TB

US Tuberculosis Essay
Introduction For many people in the U.S. tuberculosis represents a disease process that one rarely
sees. For this reason the reality of tuberculosis outside of the U.S. can easily be lost. CDC statistics
report that approximately one third of the world 's population is infected with tuberculosis.1 This
can be a sobering statistic for an individual wholly removed from the idea that tuberculosis,
abbreviated TB, remains a prominent disease process throughout much of the world. The objective
will be to provide not just an informative description of the disease, it 's etiology, clinical
manifestations, treatments, and prognosis, but also to provide a reminder that tuberculosis retains a
significant presence in the world despite the early...show more content...
Although not typical these other areas include but are not limited to the spinal cord, which is more
commonly seen in developing countries, the brain, and joints.3, 1 Several factors are responsible for
whether an individual will develop infectious, or active TB rather than settle into the latent form.
Typically this involves exposure directly to the infectious form of TB that then further develops in
the new host.3 Other cases involve individual risk factors that increase susceptibility due to a
weakened or compromised immune system; these include old age, cancer, immunosuppressant
drugs, and chronic infections including autoimmune diseases such as HIV.3
Clinical

Tuberculosis Essay
Tuberculosis
Forms of tuberculosis have been present in the human population since ancient times. Fragments of
spinal columns from Egyptian mummies dating back to 2400 BC show definite pathological signs
of tubercular decay. Around 460 BC Hippocrates wrote on the subject of a disease which we now
know as tuberculosis. In his article he warned his colleagues against visiting cases in the late stages
of the disease, because the patient's inevitable death might damage the reputations of the attending
physicians. The world's population remained totally defenseless to the lethal effects of tuberculosis
for thousands of years. Then, around the 17th century scientists began to hypothesize about the
nature of the disease and began to...show more content...
Marten's insight proved to be another enormous step towards the understanding and prevention of
tuberculosis. In the 19th century Hermann Brehmer, a Silesian botany student whom was suffering
from tuberculosis, was instructed by his physician to move to a healthier climate. Brehmer traveled
to the Himalayan mountains mainly to pursue his botanical studies. What he didn't know at the time
was that this journey would be attributed to curing his disease. When Brehmer returned home he
began to study medicine. In 1854, he wrote his dissertation titled, "Tuberculosis is a Curable
Disease." He hypothesized that his recovery was directly related to the healthier environment found
in the Himalayan mountains. Brehmer built an institution in Gorbersdorf where his patients received
a nutritious diet and spent great amounts of time on their balconies where they were exposed to
continuous fresh air. This clinic was the first step towards the development of a sanatorium.
Sanatoria, could now be found throughout Europe and the United States. A sanatorium provided two
functions. They isolated the ill from the rest of the public while enforcing rest and a healthy diet.
Tuberculosis is caused by an organism called Mycobacterium

Tuberculosis Prevention Essay
Tuberculosis Prevention
There are several ways to prevent tuberculosis. One is to control existing infections from those
infected including people, pets, and cows. Unfortunately, more than 1/3 of the population has
tuberculosis, making it hard to contain every case of tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine exists, but it is
not very useful in countries like the US. The body's defenses against tuberculosis are effective but fail
once the immune system becomes suppressed. Antibiotics can be used to help prevent tuberculosis,
but tuberculosis quickly grows resistant to antibiotics. Much needed research is being done to find a
way to fight off and prevent tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis has plagued mankind for a long time. This disease, which was...show more content...
HEPA filters, which remove 99.97% of particles 3 micrometer or more in diameter, are placed in
ventilation ducts to remove mycobacterium that may be circulating through a building. Ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation is installed near the ceiling and sterilizes air that circulates upward
(Means–Markwell, sec. 2).
By placing TB infected patients in isolation, tuberculosis can be contained while being treated to
help prevent the spread of tuberculosis to others.
By treating active infections, the US has been able to bring down the number of infections after the
resurgence of TB during the 1980s and early 1990s (Conova, par. 5). However, the effort to contain
tuberculosis in the US was not as effective as it would have been if there was not an opening where
new sources of tuberculosis could come in. The many new sources of tuberculosis entering the
United States are immigrants. Researchers found that the high rate of active infections in the
immigrants was not due to their acquiring new tuberculosis infections in the United States but,
rather, due to an activation of a latent infection probably acquired before entering the United States
(Conova, par. 6). Unfortunately for US born residents, even though tuberculosis is being contained in
the US, it is possible for the tuberculosis to pass to these US born residents from infected immigrants.
But identifying the non–U.S.–born with latent infections, using TB skin tests, poses

Tuberculosis Essay

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Similaire à Tuberculosis Essay

Similaire à Tuberculosis Essay (7)

Plus de Paper Writing Service Superiorpapers

Plus de Paper Writing Service Superiorpapers (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Tuberculosis Essay