Post Napoleonic Europe and the plan by Metternich for a conservative European order. Also features characteristics of Romantic movement.

1. CH 23 Ideologies and Upheavals Magister Ricard AP Euro

2. Questions to Consider Compare and contrast the Peace of Westphalia with the Congress of Vienna. How does liberalism and socialism impact Great Britain and France from 1815-1851? Compare and contrast ideals of the Enlightenment with Romanticism. In what way were Utopian Socialism, Marxism, and Romanticism reactions to Industrialization?

3. Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution 1815-1848 Searching for Stability

4. Forces of the Past Institutions of power Monarchy Aristocracy Clergy/Church What is conservatism? National, historic, and religious traditions foundation of a healthy society Change should be gradual French Revolution illustrated the fear of social disorder, chaos, violence

5. Forces of the Future Industrialization Begins in Britain (late 19th century) Creates new class of urban workers; augmented prosperity of business leaders, merchants

6. Forces of the Future Liberalism Believed in natural rights protected by government Supported civil liberties freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, freedom from arbitrary arrest Favored constitutional monarchy Favored representational governments Against full democracies Economically supported individualism and against government intervention Little concern for living conditions of urban workers

7. Forces of the Future Nationalism A nation consists of a group of people who share common language, traditions, history Stressed sovereignty of individual nations Citizen’s greatest loyalty should be aimed towards a nation-state Would fan competitive fires, stir change

8. Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution 1815-1848 Restoring the Old Order

9. Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) Austrian Foreign Minister Host for Congress of Vienna Conservative Liberalism and Nationalism were threats to European way of life and stability of Austrian Empire

10. The Principles of Legitimacy Legitimacy tied to royalty Restore ruling families of Europe that were deposed during French Revolution and Napoleon Louis XVIII was returned to throne in France Bourbon, younger brother of Louis XVI Bourbon rulers returned to thrones in Spain, Naples House of Orange was restored in Holland House of Savoy was restored in Sardinia-Piedmont

11. Balance of Power Austria (Vienna) wanted to weaken France Cut France’s influence in Europe militarily and politically Did not want to humiliate and provoke France France was returned to its borders as of 1790 Allowed to keep its overseas possessions, army, and independent government

12. Balance of Power France was encircled with stronger forces Austrian Netherlands was united with Dutch Republic to form Netherlands 39 Germanic states joined to create German Confederation (overseen by Austria) Switzerland was recognized as independent and neutral nation Sardinia was strengthened by addition of Piedmont and Savoy

13. Territorial Settlements Russia acquires more of Poland Sweden keeps Norway Prussia acquires 2/5 of Saxony and territory along Rhineland area of France Austria acquires Lombardy and Venetia for loss of Belgium Britain gains Malta, Cape of Good Hope, Trinidad, Tobago

14. Evaluating the Congress of Vienna Created a healthy compromise for both victors and France Implemented a balance of power which lasted until unification of Germany 1871 Severely underestimated Liberalism and Nationalism brought about by French Revolution

15. Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution 1815-1848 Maintaining the Old Order

16. The Congress System Quadruple Alliance – England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia Committed to preserving the old system, conservative Held meetings or congresses to address rising crises and prevent escalation (conspiracy?) Concert of Europe Influence a consensus on foreign policy for the good of stability and collective benefit and security

17. Uprisings, Repression, and Revolt Congress of Vienna did not give voice to liberals and nationalists Revolts erupted that tested Metternich and Concert of Europe Uprisings in Spain and Italy King Ferdinand VII’s repressive policies provoked need for representative government French forces used to establish absolute power; repress rebels Repressive monarchs in Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont sparked rebellion Metternich sends Austrian forces to defeat rebels

18. Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution 1815-1848 Reaction: Romanticism

19. The Romantic Movement Took shape in first half of 19th century in Europe Influenced cultural and intellectual life Desired freedom of thought, expression, feeling, action

20. Characteristics of Romanticism Emotion over reason Reaction to Enlightenment movement which stressed reason Rejected reason, stressed intuition, feelings, subjectivity Neoclassicism vs. Romanticism Neoclassicists looked to Greece and Rome for inspiration Romanticists looked to medieval models of chivalry, legends, mysteries, miracles

21. Characteristics of Romanticism Views of Nature Enlightenment relied on scientific method to understand Nature Romanticists contemplated its beauty Powerful storms, raging rivers, monumental mountains, mist

22. Enlightenment vs. Romanticism: Religion Mechanical view of human nature and the world Rejected faith, relied on rational, scientific connections Favored “divine watchmaker” Mysteries of nature way to feel divine presence Stressed emotion, faith, inspiration Creator of universe was loving, personal Enlightenment Romanticism

23. Key Romantic Intellectual Figures Writers William Wadsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, lyrical ballads Friedrich von Schiller, Ode to Joy Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame Brothers Grimm, Grimm’s Fairy Tales

24. Key Romantic Intellectual Figures

25. Key Romantic Intellectual Figures

26. Key Romantic Intellectual Figures

27. Key Romantic Intellectual Figures

28. Key Romantic Intellectual Figures

29. JMW Turner Jacques Louis David

30. Romanticism and Nationalism Romantic writers stirred awareness of national heritage People became more aware of their shared heritages within their own nation-states Lead to Greek revolt against Ottoman Empire in 1821 Spain and Italy failed because of intervention from dominant European powers Greek revolt succeeded because European powers wanted to exert more influence in Balkans and support for Greece based on its historic significance

32. Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution 1815-1848 Liberal Reforms in England

33. Reform Bill of 1832 House of Commons was not representative of the people Electoral districts became sparsely populated Industrial cities like Manchester were not represented Pressure from merchants and factory owners leads to bill Creates a number of new districts for heavily populated areas Increases influence from middle-class men Workers, women, and the poor had no voting rights; only 1 in 5 men could vote

34. Repealing the Corn Laws Placed a high tariff on imported corn, wheat, grains Protected the market of large landowners Industrialists formed Anti-Corn Law League Free trade policy to lower cost of food, increase profits of industry Irish potato famine pushed reform for cheaper imported grains Repeal of Corn Law in 1846 by Parliament was victory for urban population and supporters of free trade

35. The Charists Disenfranchised workers seek reform 1838 propose People’s Charter Universal suffrage (for men) Secret balloting Equal electoral districts Abolition of property requirements for membership into House of Commons Parliament refuses Chartists reforms Eventually, reforms would be adopted

36. Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution 1815-1848 The Spread of Revolution: 1830

37. The French Revolution of 1830 In 1824 Charles X (1824-1830) takes over for Louis XVIII Opposed republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism Policies infuriate republican and liberal opponents Leads to 3 days of rioting in July, 1830 Unity was brief Workers wanted republic Bourgeoisie wanted constitutional monarchy Bourgeoisie triumph; Duke of Orleans Louis Phillippe, becomes “king of the French”

39. Revolution in Belgium July revolution in France pushes discontent in Belgium Grievances extend from Congress of Vienna decision to unify Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) with Holland Belgium (Catholic) and Holland (Protestant) have little in common 1830, riots in Belgium explode for independence Great Britain and France oppose intervention; recognize Belgium as a neutral state

40. Nationalism of Italy Austria dominated northern Italy Carbonarisecret society formed to drive out Austrians and unify Italy Inspired by France and Belgium, Carbonari rebel Metternich restores order, squashes Carbonari rebellion Guiseppe Mazzini becomes Italy’s nationalist leader

41. Restoration, Romanticism, and Revolution 1815-1848 The Revolutions of 1848

42. Causes of Revolution Conservative leaders refuse to respond to social tension Working class radicals and middle class liberals convinced conservative (Metternich) system no longer practical Nationalists in Italy and Germany wanted unification National minorities (in Austria) wanted recognition, independence Crop failures, rising cost of food, growing unemployment sparked discontent

43. Revolution in France Bourgeoisie dominated France during reign of Louis Phillippe (1830-1848) Working class disenfranchised “Enrich yourself and you will have the vote” Louis Phillippe’s government collapses in 1848 Socialists, liberals, Bonapartists all scramble for dominance Bloody confrontations between workers and capitalist government lead to election of Louis Napoleon as president of 2nd French Republic Nephew of Napoleon

44. Defeat in Italy “Young Italy” movement seeks to establish liberal republic for unification of Italy Led by Guiseppe Mazzini Austrians proved too strong Italy was still too loosely divided

45. Hope and Failure in Germany German nationalists sought more liberal, unified German state 1834 Zollverein formed to induce free trade commerce All major German states except Austria joined Riots in Berlin in 1848 Frederick William IV (1840-1861) responds with reforms, including Prussian constitution Another assembly forms in Frankfurt to draft constitution for all of Germany Frederick William IV dissolves Prussian assembly, rejects Frankfurt’s attempt for constitutional monarchy

46. Revolutions in the Austrian Empire Austrian dynasty centered around German-speaking ruling class Oversaw large number of nationalities and ethnic groups Revolutionary ideas spread from Paris to Vienna Metternich resigns, flees to England Austrian assembly abolishes the robot (forced labor)

47. Revolutions in the Austrian Empire Revolutionary ideas spread from Vienna to Hungary Louis Kossuth demands self-government for Hungary Austrian emperor Francis Joseph allies with Tsar Nicholas I to crush Hungarian rebellion

48. Key Points Strength of conservative forces still outweighs strength of liberal forces Popular support outside city centers not enough Internal division Peaceful reforms in England help it avoid violence Repressive policies stayed reform in Russia Idealistic romanticism yields to political realism

49. Questions to Consider Compare and contrast the Peace of Westphalia with the Congress of Vienna. How does liberalism and socialism impact Great Britain and France from 1815-1851? Compare and contrast ideals of the Enlightenment with Romanticism. In what way were Utopian Socialism, Marxism, and Romanticism reactions to Industrialization?