1. Chapter 22: Baroque Art AP Art History Magister Ricard

3. What is Baroque? Art produced from the end of the 16th to early 18th centuries Stresses emotional, rather than intellectual responses; likes drama Grew out of the tug-of-war between Protestant Reformation (Northern Europe) and Counter Reformation (Italy) Artists tried to persuade to the faithful through dramatic works Used by “absolute” rulers (popes and kings) to overwhelm and awe

4. Culture of Baroque Era Wealthy middle class continues to pursue strong patronage of arts Buildings, painting, sculpture continue to be adapted Still lifes and genre paintings (everyday life) emerge Science begins to challenge religion, Earth is not center of the universe Workshops begin to churn out copies of popular themes Value on the original work is a modern notion

5. Baroque Art Italy

6. Bernini A child prodigy who the pope demanded an audience of Deemed the “Michelangelo” of his generation His David is hailed as the first Baroque sculpture – it depicts a dramatic moment and involves the audience (many ducked when seeing the statue for the first time)

8. Bernini and St. Peter’s The façade was completed in 1626 by Carlo Maderno Used both Renaissance (Michelangelo’s dome) and Baroque (Maderno’s façade) styles Bernini is named architect of St. Peter’s Oversees many projects for next 51 years Baldachino was the first project – directly under Michelangelo’s dome and the tomb of St. Peter Rumored to have been heavily worked by Borromini Four bronze spiral columns recall Temple of Solomon, are 95’ high – bronze stripped from the Pantheon

10. Bernini and St. Peters Bernini also was responsible for the courtyard extending in front of the basilica From Bramante’s original central plan design to the extensions made by Maderno, Bernini unified these artistic styles Two curved porticoes extended like the “motherly arms of the Church”

14. Borromini A rival of Bernini’s, regarded himself as an architect (and not Bernini) Regarded buildings as exercises of geometry Unlike Brunelleschi and Alberti, who built flat symmetrical walls, used undulating walls to create motion Façade used a mixture of concave and convex bays Creates dramatic use of light and shadow Oval-shaped dome uses different coffers which decrease as they reach the apex

18. Caravaggio Recast biblical scenes or themes in new light Used naturalism but instead did not idealize the narratives Accentuates the “sinner” or the lower classes in his works Strong use of light with deep pockets of shadow - tenebrism Strong personality, thrived in Roman underground scene – necspenecmetu

23. Baroque Art The Habsburg Lands

24. The Habsburgs Charles V abdicates Holy Roman Empire throne in 1556 The Western portion (Spain, American colonies, Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Naples and Sicily) go to his son Phillip II The Eastern portion (Germany and Austria) go to his brother Ferdinand Even as Spain’s gold imports lessen from New World, and eventual bankruptcy in 1692, this is known as Golden Age of Spain The artwork tends to support heavily the Catholic Church and the Habsburgs liked the use of strong dramatic effect and lighting

30. Baroque Art Flanders and the Netherlands

31. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Born in Germany, trained in Antwerp and studied in Rome Influenced by Michelangelo and Caravaggio Became synonymous with Flemish Baroque Combined portraiture and historical narrative for a cycle of 21 paintings dedicated to Marie de’Medici Unified the styles of northern and southern Europe Upon his return to Antwerp, built a house with a large studio that allowed his workshop to crank out works

35. The Golden Age of Dutch Art The Dutch Republic was based on commerce and trade; merchant class held power, wealth No royal court and officials and lacking Catholic church commissions, artists turned to merchant class for work Portraiture rose in popularity as did works showing their possessions and land Still lifes, landscapes, genre scenes and portraits

37. Rembrandt Based in Amsterdam (1606-1669), the financial center of Europe Became cities most-renowned portrait artist Was well-established in creating group portraiture (“The Night Watch) Held a range of interests, also was a master of etching and used drypoint technique later

42. Jan Vermeer Not much is known about his life, but he is considered one of the Dutch masters Typical paintings have light coming from source on left side, uses yellows and blues, subjects tended to be women Believed to have used the camera obscura, an instrument that created an image through a hole set inside a dark box

48. Baroque Art France

49. The Rise of France France really shifted the center of European art and culture away from Italy Italy began to dominate art in the 1300’s with the return to the classics When Louis XIV took over in France in 1661, everything changed He reigned for 54 years, established France as the leading superpower From 1661-1789 French art took prominence

52. The “Sun King” Louis XIV (1661-1715) defined his era All life “revolved” around him, he envisioned himself as Apollo Oversaw the construction of Versailles – palace and gardens were unfortified Style emphasized glory; lavish and luxurious At 63, most famous portrait not just for the opulence of his position, but also the vanity of his legs!

57. Baroque Art England