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Canada in a Changing World
- 3. Canada in a Changing World ©Ruth Writer
- 5. Political: Trials of Nationhood Conservative rise to power Quebec Sovereignty Impact of Western Politicians
- 6. Conservatives take Power Trudeau retired in 1984 [died in 2000] Legacy Constitution in 1982 plus Charter of Rights… War Measures Act More crown corporations—Petro Canada Deficit of $30 billion; debt of $150 billion; jobless rate 11% Even with these stats and critics—seen as popular Liberals selected John Turner as leader [June 1984] Election in September 1984 Progressive Conservatives won with Brian Mulroney Lawyer, businessman from QC Conservative wins internationally [Reagan] https://canadaalive.wordpress.com/2011/09/20/pierre-trudeau/ http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/politics/pm/johnturner.htm http://canada.politics1.com/Mulroney-Brian.htm
- 7. Quebec Sovereignty QC reluctant to sign Constitution in 1982 Yet QC still bound by agreement Rene Levesque retired in 1985 then PQ lost election Bourassa and Liberals in power 1985-94 Left door open for discussions on Constitution signing http://www.les7duquebec.com/trouvailles/liberer-lavenir-rene-levesque/ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/robert-bourassa/
- 8. Meech Lake Accord—1985-1990 Prime Minister Mulroney’s first attempt to have QC sign Liberal Premier in QC [Bourassa] Conditions for signing Statement of Quebec as “distinct society” Increased provincial powers Provinces greater role in Supreme Court Notwithstanding—yet compensation All provinces required to approve accord by 1990 June 1990—deadline for signing passed Elijah Harper—First Nations MP in Manitoba http://o.canada.com/news/first-nations-leader-elijah-harper-famous-for- opposition-to-meech-lake-dies-at-64 Clyde Wells—Premier of NFL refused to allow vote http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/clyde-wells-on- jacques-parizeau-s-death-canada-has-lost-a-gentleman-1.3098133
- 10. Charlottetown Accord—August ‘92 More involved—federal, provincial, territories, Natives Canada Clause—define nature of Canadian character Egalitarianism Diversity Recognize QC as distinct society Aboriginal self government Exclusive provincial rights over: Natural resources including forests Cultural policy except CBC and NFB Supreme Court revamped to reflect QC status with 3 members Senate Reform—triple E [elected, equal, effective] Canada voted—54.3% NO….45.7% YES http://canada.politics1.com/Mulroney-Brian.htm
- 11. Blue=Yes Red=No
- 12. Distrust of Progressive Conservatives and Mulroney Political difficulties Westerners felt too much time on Quebec Quebecois complained not enough done Economy problematic Concern about Mulroney’s economic plans—FTA, NAFTA Recession hit 1990 GST passed in 1991 [7% on all except food and rent] Mulroney retired with $40 billion deficit in June 1993 Kim Campbell--1993 first female Prime Minister http://electionsmeter.com/polls/progressive-canadian-party https://www.nfb.ca/film/kim_campbell_through_the_looking_glass
- 13. Election of 1993 Conservatives—PM Kim Campbell [2 loss of 154 seats] Mulroney baggage Liberals—Jean Chretien [177 a gain of 96] Lawyer from QC Served as Minister of Justice, Finance, and Indian Affairs [Trudeau] Bloc Quebecois—Lucien Bouchard [54 gain of 44] Reform Party—Preston Manning [52 gain of 51] New Democratic Party—Audrey McLaughlin [4 loss of 35] Chretien in power from 1993-2003 [won in ‘97 and ‘00] www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien
- 14. Parti Quebecois power QC ‘94 Jacques Parizeau Premier post Charlottetown defeat Lucien Bouchard represented Bloc Quebecois in Ottawa Separatist spirit alive—AGAIN Suggested another referendum like 1980—October 1995 Rest of Canada—discouraged by attempt to separate Parizeau disliked by both sides—in fighting Bouchard took command of campaign Bouchard fighter—flesh eating disease—symbolic October vote QC voted 49.6% Oui--50.4% Non http://ici.radio-canada.ca/sujet/course-direction-parti-quebecois http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/graeme-hamilton-lucien-bouchard-tells- parti-quebecois-to-move-on-from-sovereignty
- 15. Role of Western politics Western Canada distrust of Progressive Conservatives Role of national government over resources Reform party began in 1987 as protest populist party Moved to right—socially conservative Leader—Preston Manning—son of Social Credit leader Seen by many as extremist—race, sex, sexual preference Loyal opposition in 1997 election Discussions of Alliance Party 2000 Name to have been the Conservative Reform Alliance Party CRAP Caught the error in time—Conservative Party it was https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada#/media/File:Reform_Party_of_Canada- Parti_reformiste_du_Canada_logo.svg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Manning
- 16. Election of 2004 Paul Martin—Liberal took over in Nov. 2003—135 seats Stephen Harper—Conservative—99—Loyal Opposition Calgary riding Gilles Duceppe—Bloc Quebecois—54 Jack Layton—New Democratic Party—19 Minority Government formed: Liberals had 38% of seats If NDP joined Liberals still only 154 with 154 in opposition http://richardhughes.ca/new-democrats-and-liberals-should-form-a-new-party-the-liberal- democrats/ndp-logo/
- 18. House of Commons upon 2004 To form government party must hold 155 seats of 308 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_Canadian_Parliament#/media/File:Elec2004.PNG
- 19. Elections of 2006, 2008, 2011 Stephen Harper—Conservative [124, 143, 166 majority] won bigger margins each time—2011 first majority since ’00 Paul Martin—Liberal [103, 77, 34--Ignatieff lost riding] Bloc Quebecois [51, 49, 4] NDP [29, 37, 103 Jack Layton died shortly after election] Green [1, 0, 1] May 2, 2011, resulted in Conservative majority
- 22. Results of 2015 Federal Election http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/10/20/2015-federal-election-results-by-province-gender_n_8338574.html
- 23. Change of Leadership in Canada http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-34578213
- 26. Economy—Going with the Flow Conservatives—Mulroney/Reagan Free Trade Agreement result of Shamrock Summit 1985 Took effect 1989 Canadian exports to U.S.80%; 70% of imports from U.S. One third of Canadian workers’ jobs defined by USA trade 3000 pages—read it --harkened to 1911 reciprocity issue Virtually all trade barriers dismantled by 2000 Agriculture exception Resources Culture http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1383057/images/o-US-CANADA-FLAG-facebook.jpg
- 28. NAFTA--1994 Canada United States Mexico http://www.naftanow.org/default_en.asp; http://immigrationcanada.pro/immigrate/7- keys-getting-nafta-work-permit-professional/
- 31. GST—Goods and Services Tax Conservative plan under Mulroney--1991 Federal sales tax—7% Replaced a hidden 13.5% tax [MST] Now 5% as of 2008 Except on sensitive essentials Food Rent Medical Financial services On top of provincial taxes—even higher i.e. 8% [HST] Total is likely 13% sales tax http://www.lexsage.com/harmonized-sales-tax
- 32. Economic “clubs” GATT since 1940s G7 Nation—since mid 1980s G8 G20
- 33. Diplomacy: Canada’s role as Middle Power Canada as one of greatest democracies and economic leader Canada joined OAS in 1980 Commonwealth Nation—one of 54 countries La Francophonie—organization of French speaking nations Somalia—1990s Iran hostage crisis—major film--ARGO Gulf War—1991—Canada sent ships and planes Spanish fishing trawler—1995—shots fired
- 34. September 11, 2001 Gander http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJskIhGbDq4 War on in Iraq War in Afghanistan [see separate power point on 9/11: Halifax Explosion and September 11]
- 35. The Alberta Tar/Oil Sands Political issue when crude oil prices high Not much an issue when crude oil prices low http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/take-action-tell-hillary-clinton-to- stop-tar-sands-pipeline-into-us.html
- 38. Canada’s Cultural Complexity Women Natives Immigrants Cultural self-identification
- 39. Women Gained suffrage in 1917 Feminism of the 1960s and beyond—Royal Commission Expansion of rights Workplace—equal pay for equal value--1977 Abortion—legalized in 1969; 1988 decision upheld Politics—Kim Campbell; minority groups and feminism Violence Domestic Ecole Polytechnique Massacre—1989—Marc Lepine killed 14 December 6—day of remembrance More stringent gun laws passed
- 40. Natives Trudeau’s “just society Native peoples should have equal rights Reserves to be phased out in Canada Natives reacted negatively First Nations Assembly formed 1982 Different perspective Ovide Mercredi Took part in Charlottetown Accord Land claims BC James Bay—Hydro plan Oka, QC, 1990 Hunting, fishing rights http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/07/07/1990-oka-crisis-events- i_n_7741628.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_to_Face_(photograph)
- 41. Social and Economic Issues Poverty High jobless rate High birth rate Alcoholism Drug addiction Suicide rates
- 42. Nunavut—April 1, 1999 Self government for Inuit Nunavut—OUR LAND 20% of landmass of Canada Inuit account for 85% of population [25,000] Self rule over ancestral homeland Land claims Mineral rights Rest of NWT remain NWT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut
- 43. Immigrants Pattern of immigration changed post WWII Point system since 1960s—education, age, jobs, language 1980s—Caribbean, India, Indochina, Philippines 1990s—Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Hong Kong Ministry of Multiculturalism—1980s 200,000 per year 16% were board outside of Canada in 2000 17% allophone by 1990s Some violence and conflict between ethnic groups
- 45. Self Identity Canadian Content rule result of Massey Commission Literature Governor General Awards Notables—Robertson Davies, Margaret Atwood, Michael Ondaatje, Farley Mowat, Mordecai Richler, Bernice Morgan, Roch Carrier, Music Juno Awards Notables—Glenn Gould, Oscar Peterson, Gordon Lightfoot, Bryan Adams, Celine Dion, Alanis Morissette, Shania Twain, Justin Bieber, Nelly Furtado, Nickleback, Michael Buble, Diana Krall, Media Genie Awards Notables—Jim Carrey, Donald Sutherland, Wm. Shatner, Michael J. Fox, Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Peter Jennings, David Cronenberg, Atom Egoyan, David Suzuki
- 46. Sports and Games Lacrosse Hockey Basketball Baseball Football Skiing, curling, snowmobiles and winter sports
- 47. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrA4V6YF6SA Brokaw explains Canada to Americans--2010
- 48. What holds for Canada’s future?
- 49. Resources “According to the Government: An Overview of Canada-U.S. Relations and Trade,” From Government of Canada and United States Government websites as cited 05/03/2012. The 1989 Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement http://www.histori.ca/peace/page.do?pageID=346 Morton, Desmond. “ Strains of Affluence,” Brown, Craig, editor. The Illustrated History of Canada. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2007. [pages 544-592] http://nwf.org/~/media/Content/Environmental%20Issues/Tar- sands/Midwest_OilPipeline_Map_1294x858.ashx Thompson, Wayne. The World Today Series: Canada 2015. Lanham, MD: Stryker Post Publications, 2015. Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement PREAMBLE http://www.worldtradelaw.net/nafta/cusfta.pdf http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrA4V6YF6SA Brokaw explains Canada to Americans—2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFgPX0hnNfA Rick Mercer