General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
Part 2 Age of Industrialisation Ch 5 History
1. RUBRIC-2
HAND LABOUR & STEAM POWER
2.1:- LIFE OF WORKERS (DAY1)
Hundreds of labor affected the lives of workers.
Hundreds tramped to the cities.
Possibility of jobs dependent on network of friendship and relations.
Many waited for weeks and stayed under bridges or in night shelters.
Seasonality of work made the situation more worst.
Miserable conditions in the cities; Increased wages could not cope up with the price rise.
Fear of unemployment ; Hostility to the introduction of new technology . Women who
survived on hand –spinning began protesting when the Spinning Jenny was introduced.
Employment opportunities opened up after 1840s:-
A) Roads widened , new railway stations came up, railway lines were extended , tunnels
dug, drainage and sewers laid, rivers embanked.
B) No. of workers employed in the transport industry doubled in the 1840s, amd
doubled again in the subsequent 30 years.
2. RUBRIC-3 –INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES
3.1- THE AGE OF INDIAN TEXTILES
Indian textiles and cotton dominated international
market;
India had a vibrant sea trade through Surat and
Hooghly;
Indian merchants and bankers involved in export
trade network;
European companies broke this network by
securing concessions and monopoly rights to
trade;
Old ports of Surat and Hooghly declined ;
Credit dried up and bankers became bankrupt;
Bombay and Calcutta ports were flourished.
3. 3.2- WHAT HAPPENED TO WEAVERS?
East India Company faced competition from French, Dutch and Portuguese;
East India Company developed a system of management and control to eliminate
competition, control prices, ensure regular supplies;
Appointment of Gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine quality;
Once the order was placed, the weavers were given loans for purchasing raw material for
production. The produced cloth was to be handed over to the gomasthas.
The new gomasthas had no social link with the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into
villages with sepoys and peons and punished weavers for delays in supply;
The price received by weavers from the company was miserably low and the loans that they
had accepted tied them to the Company;
In Carnatic and Bengal weavers deserted villages and migrated , setting up looms in other
villages where they had some family relation. Elsewhere, the weavers along with the village
traders revolted, opposing the Company and its officials;
Weavers began refusing loans, closing down their workshops and taking to agricultural
labour.
4. RUBRIC 3.3- MANCHESTER COMES TO INDIA
(DAY 2)
In 1772, Henry Patullo, a Company official, had ventured to say that the demand for Indian Textiles
could never reduce, since no other nation produced goods of the same quality;
By the beginning of 19th century, we see the beginning of a long decline of textile exports from India.
In 1811-12, price goods accounted for 33% of India’s exports; by 1850-51 it was no more than 3 %;
REASONS FOR DECLINE IN INDUSTRIAL GOODS
As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from
other countries resulted in pressuring the government to impose duties on cotton textiles so that
Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing any competition;
Exports of British cotton goods increased dramatically in the early 19th century;
The export market of the Indian cotton weavers collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted
with Manchester imports;
Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could
not easily compete with them.
By the 1860s, wavers faced a new problem.
They could not get supply of raw cotton of good quality. When the American CIVIL War broke out
and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India;
As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up,
Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this
,situation weaving could not pay.
By the end of 19th century, factories in India began production, flooding the markets with machine
made goods. Consequently, the weaving industry decayed and died.
5. 1854:- First Cotton mill came up in Bombay;
1855:- The first jute mill came up; and another one in 1862;
1860s:- The Elgin mill was started in Kanpur;
1861:- The first Cotton mill of Ahmadabad was set up;
1874:- the First spinning and weaving mill of Madras began production.
4.1- THE EARLY ENTREPRENEURS
The British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England. Many Indians
participated in this trade by providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping consignments;
Having earned through trade, some of these business men had visions of developing industrial enterprises
of India.
In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade and established six joint stock
companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
In Bombay, Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empire in India. They
accumulated their initial wealth partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessmen who set up the first Indian jute Mill in Calcutta in 1917, also
traded with China.
Capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Merchants from Madras traded with Burma,
Middle East and East Africa.
Other trading activities included carrying goods from one place to another, banking , transferring funds
between cities and financing traders.
6. RUBRIC 4.1- THE EARLY
ENTREPRENEURS(CONTINUED..)
As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the space within which Indian
merchants could function became increasingly limited;
Barred from trading with Europe in Manufactured goods, and had to export mostly
raw materials and food grains- raw cotton, opium , wheat, indigo – required by
British;
Till the first World War, European Managing Agencies in fact controlled a large
sector of Indian Industries.
THREE BIGGEST ONES WERE:- Bird Heighlers & CO., Andrew Yule and Jardine
Skinner& Co.
These agencies mobilised capital, set up joint stock companies and managed them;
In most instances , Indian financiers provided the capital while the European
Agencies made all investments and business decisions.
The European merchant-industrialists had their own chambers of commerce which
Indian businessman were not allowed to join.
7. RUBRIC 4.2 WHERE DID THE WORKERS COME FROM?
With the expansion of factories, the demand for workers increased. In !901, there were 5,84,000 workers
in Indian factories. By 1946, the number was 2,436,000.
In most industrial regions, workers came from nearby districts.
Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work.
Over 50 % workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of
Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from villages within the district of
Kanpur.
Most often millworkers moved between the village and the city, returning to their village homes during
harvests and festivals.
As news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills.
For instance, from United Provinces to the textile mills in Bombay and in the Jute mills of Calcutta.
The Job seekers were always more than the jobs available;
Industrialists employed a jobber for getting new recruits. He got people from his village, ensured them
jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.
He therefore, became a person with authority and power.
Began demanding money and gifts for his favour and started controlling the lives of workers.
8. RUBRIC 5 :- THE PECULARITIES OF
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH [DAY 4]
The European Managing Agencies established tea and coffee plantations., acquiring land at cheap rates from the
colonial governments. They also invested in mining, indigo and jute.
Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India, the early cotton mills in India produced
coarse cotton yarn rather than fabric.
The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China .
Nationalists during the Swadeshi movement mobilized people to boycott foreign cloth.
Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurizing the government to
increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.
From 1906s, the export of Indian Yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded
the Chinese market.
1900 and 1912:- Cotton piece goods production in India doubled.
With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India
declined.
As the war prolonged, Indian Factories were called upon to supply war needs including jute bags, cloth for army
uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items.
Industrial production boomed owing to the increase in the working hours and the establishment of new factories.
Unable to modernize and compete with the US, Germany and Japan, the British economy crumbled after the
war.
Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
Within the colonies, local industries substituted the foreign manufacturers and captured the home market.
9. RUBRIC 5.1:- SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
PREDOMINATE
Large industries formed only a small segment of the economy. Most of them were located in
Bombay and Bengal.
Most of the workers worked in small workshops and household units;
While cheap machine made thread wiped out the spinning industry in the 19th century, the weavers
survived.
Handloom cloth production expanded steadily between 1900 and 1940;
Technological changes and other small innovations made the handloom cloth-production rise.
By the second decade of the 20th century, weavers used looms with a fly shuttle;
Amongst weavers, some produced coarse cloth while others wove finer varieties;
The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated violently along with the
fluctuations in their incomes.
The finer ones were bought by the rich and its demand was constant.
10. RUBRIC 6:- MARKET FOR GOODS
a) Played an
important part in
expanding the
markets for products;
b)Made products
appear desirable and
necessary;
c) Appeared in
newspapers,
magazines,
hoardings,etc.
Advertisements
a) Used by
manufacturers
to popularise
their products.
b) Were even
used by people
who could not
read
c) Figures of
gods were used
CALENDARS
12. MARKET FOR GOODS
a) Used by
Manchester
industrialists to make
their company’s name
familiar to the buyer;
b) Was also used as a
mark of quality;
c) Images of Indian
gods and goddess
were used regularly
LABELS
a) Images of
emperors and nawabs
were used in
advertisement and
calendars;
b) Conveyed
message- Quality of
the product could not
be questioned as it is
used by “KINGS”
Figures of
Personages
