3. EMBRYOLOGY
EOMs (4 recti & 2 oblique) differentiate from the mesenchyme
in the region of developing eyeball (prechordal mesenchyme)
Originally represented as a single mass of mesenchyme,
they later separate into distinct muscles
4. appear approximately in the following sequences :
SR & LR → 5th week
MR & SO → 6th week
followed by IR & IO
In the 8th week, all the motor nerves of the eye reaches
the EOMs.
5. EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
RECTUS MUSCLES
OBLIQUE
MUSCLES
Muscles responsible for the controlled movements of
the eyeballs
7. ORIGIN
a common tendinous ring ( the annulus of Zinn),
attached at the apex of orbit
SR & MR lie closely attached to the dural sheath of
optic nerve at their origin
8.
9. COURSE
All the 4 recti run forward from their origin
course is diverging ; however muscles converges
slightly in front of the equator to get inserted on the
sclera
SR is separated from orbital roof by LPS muscle
MR & LR follow the coresponding walls of orbit in
most of the parts in their course
IR follow the orbit for only about half its length
10.
11. INSERTION
Rectus muscles do not form a circle concentric with the
limbus, rather form a spiral (the spiral of Tillaux)
Fuchs (1884)
12. Duane Retraction Syndrome
A congenital ocular motility defect due to fibrous tightening
of lateral or medial rectus, or both
Type I DRS : limitation of abduction
Type II DRS : limitation of adduction
Type III DRS : limitation of both adduction & abduction
13.
14. “Retraction of globe &
narrowing of palpebral fissure”
on attempted adduction
15. Strabismus fixus
A rare condition characterized by bilateral fixation
of eyes in convergent position, due to fibrous
tightening of medial recti
18. SUPERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLES
arise from the bone (body of Sphenoid)
above & medial to the optic foramen
ORIGIN
19. COURSE
SO muscle moves forward between the roof &
medial wall of orbit to reach the trochlea, & turns
postero-laterally to get inserted onto the sclera
TROCHLEA : a thick fibrous cartilaginous pulley
attached to spina trochlearis
on the under aspect of
frontal bone, at the
superomedial angle
20. Reflected tendon of SO passes under the SR, &
fans out to get inserted on to the sclera
21. INSERTION
width of Insertion line : about 11mm (7-18 mm)
Anterior end : lies 13.8mm behind the limbus
Posterior end : lies 18.8mm behind the limbus
22. fact…
Superior Oblique : longest & thinnest EOM
length of its direct part : 40mm
reflected tendon : 19.5 mm
TOTAL : 59.5 mm
23. Brown’s SO Tendon Sheath Syndrome
A congenital ocular motility defect due to fibrous
tightening of SO tendon
usually straight in primary position
characterized by limitation of elevation of the eyes in
adduction (normal elevation in abduction)
24. INFERIOR OBLIQUE MUSCLES
arises by a rounded tendon from a shallow
depression on the orbital plate of maxilla
only muscle to originate from the front of orbit
ORIGIN
COURS
E
runs between IR & floor of orbit,
laterally & backward
25. INSERTIO
N
It is inserted by a short tendon (1 to 2 mm long) in
the lower & outer part of sclera behind the equator
Near the insertion,
Inferior Vortex vein is in relation to
its posterior border
shortest EOM → 37mm
26. Adhrence Syndromes
a rare condition
arises through abnormal fascial connections
between the reflections of Tenon’s Capsule along
the EOMs
causing tethering of the globe
27. occurs between :
IR& IO → limits elevation
LR & IO → limits adduction
SR & SO → limits depression
40. Some Terminologies…
AGONIST
Any particular EOM producing a specific ocular movement
SYNERGISTS
Two muscles moving an eye in the same direction
ANTAGONISTS
Muscles having opposite actions in the same eye
41. YOKE MUSCLES
( CONTRALATERAL SYNERGISTS )
A pair of muscles (one from each eye) which contract
simultaneously during version movements
CONTRALATERAL ANTAGONISTS
A pair or muscles (one from each eye) having opposite
action
42. LAWS GOVERNING OCULAR MOTILITY
“ an equal and simultaneous innervation flows from
the brain to a pair of muscles of both eyes (yoke
muscles) which contract simultaneously in different
binocular movements ”
HERING’s LAW OF EQUAL INNERVATION
43.
44. SHERRINGTON’S LAW OF
RECIPROCAL INNERVATION
“During ocular motility, an increased flow of
innervation to the contracting agonist muscle is
accompanied by a decreased flow of innervation
to the relaxing antagonist muscle”
49. STRABISM
US
A misalignment of the visual axes of the two
eyes
Classification
Pseudostrabismus / apparent squint
Heterophoria / latent squint
Heterotropia / manifest squint
52. LATERAL RECTUS PALSY
due to palsy of 6th cranial nerve (abducens)
results in convergent strabismus (Esotropia)
primary symptom : Diplopia
53. SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
PALSY
palsy of 4th nerve that innervates SO muscles
common congenital anomaly associated is
Craniosynostosis
causes a combination of vertical, horizontal &
torsional misalignment of the eyes
head tilt / turn is commonly seen to allow better
alignment of the eyes; sometimes aiding relief in
diplopia
55. DOUBLE ELEVATOR
PALSY
caused by 3rd nerve nuclear lesion
characterized by paresis of SR & IO muscle of the
involved eye
restricted elevation of the eye
patient with chin up position to maintain binocularity
56.
57. DOUBLE DEPRESSOR
PALSY
a rare condition
paralysis of depressors
monocular or unilateral restriction on down gaze
58.
59. EXTERNAL
OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
All EOMs are paralysed
Intraocular muscles (sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscle)
are spared
Due to lesions at the level of motor nuclei ; sparing the
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
60. TOTAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
all EOMs including LPS and intraocular muscles
becomes paralysed
results from combined paralysis of 3rd, 4th & 6th cranial
nerves
common feature in case of Orbital apex syndrome &
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
63. REFRENC
ES
Khurana A. K. , Khurana I.
Anatomy & Physiology of Eye
Khurana A. K.
Comprehensive Ophthalmology
Kanski J.J. , Bowling B.
Clinical Ophthalmology
Previous Presentations
Internet….etc