1. Chapter 13 Architecture Great Pyramids at Giza, Egypt, c. 2570-2500 BCE Fortress walls, Machu Picchu, Peru, Incan c. 1490-1530
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4. Keystone and Arcade The arch, developed by the Romans, is more versatile and sound than the post-and-lintel system. Arches are semicircular in shape, and the compression that is required for structural stability is perfect for the use of stone as its building material. Arches are built over a wooden scaffolding, or centering, system, which is then taken down once the center stone, the keystone, is locked into place. The Romans used the arch extensively in their architecture. The height of an arch is determined by the radius of the semicircle between the posts. Keystone – the final stone set in the top of the arch. Arcade – a series of arches supported by columns
5. Barrel and Groin Vaults Groin vault – formed by two intersecting barrel vaults creating 4 openings Barrel vault – is a round arch extended to create a tunnel like structure If the arch is extended, a barrel or tunnel vault is formed. If two barrel vaults intersect perpendicularly, a groin or cross vault is formed.
6. Dome – arch rotated 180 degrees Taj Mahal above, Geodesic Dome top right, A dome is an arch rotated 360 degrees on its axis. Structurally, a dome is similar to the arch but is even more stable due to compression from all sides. The dome can be seen in the architecture of the Romans such as the Pantheon, the churches of the Renaissance, and in state capitol buildings in the U.S. today.
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8. Wood Trusses – triangular wood framework use to span, reinforce, or for support, can span large distances Balloon framing – American construction, mass produced, product of the Industrial Revolution
9. Suspension Bridges Originally made with rope, suspension bridges and roads in contemporary society use structurally sound, strong steel cables. The Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937 and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and the United States. In the 71 years since completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA 4,200 feet long
10. Steel and reinforced concrete between 1890 and 1910 development of high strength structural steel made way for skyscrapers
11. Best known for his public buildings in late 19th century Chicago, Louis Sullivan had a major influence on the early development of America’s most original contribution to architecture – the skyscraper. There were many opportunities for building in Chicago after the big fire of 1871. Sullivan, Auditorium Building, Chicago, 1893 Louis Sullivan
12. With the invention of the elevator and the development of steel used for structural skeletons, the first skyscraper was built by Sullivan in 1890 in St. Louis MO. It was the Wainwright Building (right). The exterior reflects the internal steel frame emphasizing the height of the building. Sullivan use the traditional elements by dividing the buildings façade into 3 layers – base, shaft and capital reminiscent of Greek columns. These areas also represent the buildings function with shops at the base, offices in the center and utility rooms at the top.
15. Le Corbusier – Sainte Pierre Church, Firminy, France. With load bearing columns in the interior of a building any space could be conceived.
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17. Gropius created innovative designs that borrowed materials and methods of construction from modern technology. This advocacy of industrialized building carried with it a belief in team work and an acceptance of standardization and prefabrication. Using technology as a basis, he transformed building into a science of precise mathematical calculations. Gropius, Harvard Graduate Center, Massachusetts, 1950
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20. Van der Rohe, Seagram Building, New York, NY 1954-1958 The Seagram Building is a skyscraper in New Your City. It was designed by the German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, in collaboration with the American Philip Johnson and was completed in 1958. It is 515 feet tall with 38 stories. It stands as one of the finest examples of functional aesthetic and a masterpiece of corporate modernism. It was a steel frame construction with non load bearing walls leaving large public areas open at the base.
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23. Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright One of his most well known homes is Falling Water. Cantilever – when a beam or slab is extended a substantial distance beyond a supporting column, the overhanging part is the cantilever
24. New Visions in Architecture “ If you think it, we can build it.” philosophy of architects uses high-tech methods and metals and unorthodox materials to create one-of-a-kind buildings. Frank Gehry His deconstructed architectural style began to emerge in the late 1970s when Gehry, directed by a personal vision of architecture created collage-like compositions out of found materials. Instead of creating buildings, Gehry creates ad-hoc pieces of functional sculpture. Gehry's architecture has undergone a marked evolution from the plywood and corrugated-metal vernacular of his early works to the distorted but pristine concrete of his later works. However, the works retain a deconstructed aesthetic that fits well with the increasingly disjointed culture to which they belong. Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles CA,1989 - 2004
26. Shigeru Ban, Japan Pavilion, Hanover Expo, 2000 See the photographs at http://www.ashesandsnow.org Shigeru Ban, Nomadic Museum, 2005, traveling museum for Gary Colbert’s traveling photograph installation
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