2. Frisius Gemma's illustration of a camera obscura, 1544.
Science and Society Museum/ Universal Images Group
Camera Obscura
Aristotle wrote about light that allows an upside down view of the
world through a pin hole in one wall of a dark chamber, 1000 years
before the camera
3. 3
Device is a room or box
with a hole in one side.
Light from an external
scene passes through the
hole and strikes a surface
inside, where it is
reproduced, upside-
down; color and
perspective are
preserved.
Can be projected onto
paper, and then traced to
produce an accurate
representation
Painters used it to trace
sketches of scenes on
paper to be filled in later
with paint
Camera Obscura
4. Joseph Niepce 1826 - Heliography
4
The One and Only Heliograph: View from the
Window at Le Gras –An 8-Hour Exposure
First permanent photograph that can still be viewed
Niepce combined the camera obscura with photosensitive
paper and named the process Heliography
5. Louis Daguerre 1839: Daguerreotype
5
Daguerre built on work of Niepce – First practical photographic process
using the Camera Obscura
Images on silver-plated copper, coated with silver iodide and
"developed" with warmed mercury
1839 Daguerreotype: First Image of a Person
A Daguerreotype of Louis Daguerre
7. 7
Daguerreotype:
Are We Done Yet?
Subjects Looked
miserable because it
wasn’t fun to be
photographed sitting
still in the same pose for
a long period of time
8. Henry Fox Talbot
1839: Calotype
Introduced Negative/Positive Images
images using paper soaked in silver
chloride and fixed with salt solution.
Positive images by contact printing
onto another sheet of paper
Patented the process in 1841 under
the name Calotype.
Not as clear as Daguerreotypes but
was first use of "positive" and
"negative”.
8Calotype by Henry Fox Talbot
9. Frederick Archer 1851:
Wet Collodion
9
Archer improved photographic
resolution with Wet Collodion
photography
Less Expensive than
daguerreotypes
Negative/positive process
permitted unlimited
reproductions
Process was published but not
patented so he didn’t profitMathew Brady used the Wet-Collodion Process
10. 10
Wet-Collodion, Frederick Archer, 1851
Before and After Battle Scenes
Shutter Speeds Were Still Too Long to Capture ActionCivil War Photographs Used the Wet Collodian Process
11. Photography: Halftone Printing
11
Canadian Illustrated News
published in Montreal 1869 –
1883 was notable for its
innovative use of half-tone
photographs
Right is first halftone reproduction
photo by William Notman of
Queen Victoria's son, Prince
Arthur.
Before halftone, pictures
prepared by artists and engraved
on plates (like line-art – see the
picturesque scenes around the
News's masthead above Prince
Arthur's photo.
12. William Augustus Leggo
12
Halftone printing process
The halftone printing process
developed by William
Augustus Leggo, a Quebec
engraver, who used a screen to
produce what he called a
"granulated photograph”.
Image broken into dots of
varying size that, at a distance,
come together with all shades
from white to grey to black.
13. James Clerk Maxwell, 1861: Colour Photography
13
Maxwell demonstrated
colour photography with 3
black and white
photographs, each taken
through a red, green, or blue
filter.
Photos were turned into
lantern slides and projected
in registration with the same
color filters.
The first colour slide.
This is the "colour
separation" method
The first permanent colour photograph, by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861
14. 14
“Young Lady with an Umbrella,” 1907
by Louis Lumière
Colour Materials
Lumiere Brothers
Autochrome, 1903
Autochrome Lumière an
early colour photography
process.
Principal colour
photography process in use
before the invention of
subtractive color film in the
mid-1930s.
15. 15
English doctor, proposed the
use of an emulsion of gelatin
and silver bromide on a glass
plate; the "dry plate" process
sparked invention of motion
picture film
Process made amateur
photography possible when
George Eastman invented
cameras with gelatin dry plate
films in rolls
Gelatin-Bromide - Richard Maddox, 1871
17. 17
George Eastman, 1888
Gelatin-Bromide
Eastman introduced $25
(about $500 today) Kodak
camera.
His jingle "You press the
button and we do the rest"
100 pictures included,
When photos taken, camera
mailed for developing and
reloading.
By 1900 cameras were $1
(about $20 today )
18. 18
George Eastman
1888
First Kodak Camera.
Left- so easy even a “girl” can use it.
A pretty girl will sell your product and its
lifestyle
19. Holography came from an attempt
to improve the electron
microscope.
In 1964 after invention of laser
holography became
commercially available
CNN election coverage Nov 08
included holographic reporters
19
First Mass Produced Hologram 1984 on National Geographic
1988 National Geographic. The whole cover is a hologram
Holography: Dennis Gabor, 1947
20. 20
Early Polaroid Camera
Instant Photography: Edwin Land 1948
60 second instant photography
Co-founder of Polaroid
Later Sony Mavica, 1984
21. See more on Digital
Cameras at:
The 30 Most
Important Digital
Cameras of All Time
http://www.popphoto
.com/gear/2013/10/3
0-most-important-
digital-cameras
First Digital Camera 1975
Created by Steven Sasson at Eastman Kodak
Notes de l'éditeur
Travel- exploration
To improve the lithographic process Niepce combined the camera obscura with photosensitive paper and named the process Heliography
Public learned about it after his death
Process was not practical
Daguerre built on Niepce work
The inventor, Louis Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, had formed a business partnership with Nicéphore Niépce who died of a stroke (apoplexy of the brain), after which his son took his father's place in the partnership. Awarded state pension by French government for publication of methods and the rights by other French citizens to use the Daguerreotype process
, daguerreotyping a brightly sunlit subject typically required about ten minutes of exposure in the camera, so the earliest daguerreotypes were of still lifes and landscapes. The oldest well-documented daguerreotype featuring human subjects is Daguerre's own 1838 view of the Boulevard du Temple, a busy street in Paris.
, daguerreotyping a brightly sunlit subject typically required about ten minutes of exposure in the camera, so the earliest daguerreotypes were of still lifes and landscapes. The oldest well-documented daguerreotype featuring human subjects is Daguerre's own 1838 view of the Boulevard du Temple, a busy street in Paris.
, Henry Fox Talbot created permanent (negative) images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with a salt solution.
Positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper - patented the process in 1841 under the name Calotype.
Not as clear as Daguerreotypes but was first time "positive" and "negative" were used.
Autochrome is an additive color[3] "mosaic screen plate" process. The medium consists of a glass plate coated on one side with a random mosaic of microscopic grains of potato starch[4] dyed red-orange, green, and blue-violet (an unusual but functional variant of the standard red, green, and blue additive colors) which act as color filters. Lampblack fills the spaces between grains, and a black-and-white panchromatic silver halide emulsion is coated on top of the filter layer. Unlike ordinary black-and-white plates, the Autochrome was loaded into the camera with the bare glass side facing the lens, so that the light passed through the mosaic filter layer before reaching the emulsion. The use of an additional special orange-yellow filter in the camera was required, to block ultraviolet light and restrain the effects of violet and blue light, parts of the spectrum to which the emulsion was overly sensitive. Because of the light loss due to all the filtering, Autochrome plates required much longer exposures than black-and-white plates and films, which meant that a tripod or other stand had to be used and that it was not practical to photograph moving subjects.[5] The plate was reversal-processed into a positive transparency — that is, the plate was first developed into a negative image but not "fixed", then the silver forming the negative image was chemically removed, then the remaining silver halide was exposed to light and developed, producing a positive image. Each starch grain remained in alignment with the corresponding microscopic area of emulsion coated over it. When the finished image was viewed by transmitted light, each bit of the silver image acted as a valve, allowing more or less light to pass through the corresponding colored starch grain, recreating the original proportions of the three colors. At normal viewing distances, the light coming through the individual grains blended together in the eye, reconstructing the color of the light photographed through the filter grains.
Collodion process invented in 1851 by Frederick Scott Archer required only two to three seconds of light exposure to produce an image, but plates had to be sensitized at the time of exposure, exposed while the emulsion was still wet, and processed immediately after exposure in the camera.
When he noticed that his health was being affected by the 'wet' collodion's ether vapor, Maddox began looking for a substitute. He suggested in the 8 September 1871 British Journal of Photography article An Experiment with Gelatino-Bromide that sensitizing chemicals cadmium bromide and silver nitrate should be coated on a glass plate in gelatin, a transparent substance used for making candies. Eventually Charles Bennett made the first gelatin dry plates for sale; before long the emulsion could be coated on celluloid roll film.
Born in England In early years Muybridge was a landscape photographer in the US- became known for his motion study photgraphs
Received Nobel Prize for invention of Holography
He experimented with a heavily filtered mercury arc light source.However, the earliest hologram was only realised in 1964 following the 1960 invention of the laser, the first coherent light source. After this, holography became commercially available.
Later instant
Sony Electronic still video camera- Mavica-and digital photography -25 colour images recorded on a disc and played back on computer
Photographers sometimes used instant camera before real photo. Ansel Adams Polaroid
Artistic versions of polaroid