puritan

1. Settling the Northern Colonies
Chapter 3

2. Calvinism
• Calvinism inspired by Puritan Reformation
– Foundation for Puritanism, Scottish
Presbyterians, French Huguenots and
Dutch Reformed
– All groups were significant players in
colonization of America
• Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
– People are wicked and weak
– Predestination
• Good works does not earn grace for the
damned
• Grace of elect could be lost
• Spiritual authority goes to ministers
chosen by people, not bishops
• People constantly looked for evidence that
John Calvin

3. • Henry VIII separated from Catholic Church but kept many Catholic
ways
• Wanted to “purify” Church of England
– Get rid of “Catholic” traditions
– Emphasize literacy and Bible study
– Appealed to poor
• Separatists
– Puritans who wanted to split from Church of England
– Only wanted the “visible saints” allowed into the church
• King James I
– Tried to force all English to follow his religion
– Afraid challenge in religion would lead to challenge politics
Puritans

4. Mayflower
• Left Sept 16 1620, 102
passengers
– Separatists did not want to
be influenced by Dutch
culture
– arrived December 21st
• Landed at Cape Cod
– wrong location so did not
have legal right to make a
government
• Was outside of the
charter given to the
Virginia Company
– Pilgrims would use Bible as
their laws

5. Mayflower Compact
• Made a government for settlers
– William Bradford – governor
• Feared non-Separatists would corrupt the colony
– Captain Miles Standish – head the militia
• Pledged loyalty to
King and follow
laws
• Agreed to follow the
will of majority
• Precedent of self-
government in
American colonies

6. Squanto
• Wampanoag Indian
– Most of his people had been killed
• Had been kidnapped by English sea
captain then escaped
– Learned English
• When Pilgrims arrived, they found Squanto
• Squanto’s help
– Facilitated peace treaty between
Massasoit and the Pilgrims
– Worked as interpreter
– Showed how to plant corn, fertilize soil,
trap beaver
– Showed where to fish
• First Thanksgiving celebrated first
successful harvest in 1621

7. Massachusetts Bay Colony
• 1629 Charles I allowed Archbishop
William Laud to persecute
Puritans
– Led to non-Separatist Puritans
wanting to leave England
• Charter was vague
– Allowed Puritans to create
headquarters in Massachusetts
– Allowed Puritans to make their
own laws and officers
• effect: settlers govern
themselves
• Great Migration 1630-1642
– 70,000 Puritans left England
• 20,000 to New England
Seal of Massachusetts Bay Colony

8. Massachusetts Bay Colony
• John Winthrop was first governor
• Settlers
– Were wealthy, educated
– Communities were built
around a church
(congregation)
• No Religious toleration
– Must be a Puritan
John Winthrop
“City Upon a Hill”
•Colony would be an example for the
rest of the world
•Believed that God would insure the
success of colony
– Gave Puritans strength to
survive bad times and dangers

9. Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Congregational Church
– Puritan church in America
– Needed membership to vote
• Town government open to all
property owners
– Increased public
participation in government
• Was NOT democracy
– Feared “common” people
interfering with
establishment of society built
on Puritan ideals

10. Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Clergy determined
membership in church and
held people accountable for
actions
• Clergy were selected by
people
– Had to remain “popular”
to keep position
• Protestant Work Ethic
– Develops to avoid sloth
• Blue Laws
– Government passes laws
to enforce moral codes

11. Roger Williams
• Dissenter
– Argued for complete split
from Church of England
– Said state could not
legislate religious behavior
• Massachusetts
government was based
on religion
– Massachusetts Bay charter
illegal because settlers
took land from Indians
• Expelled from Massachusetts
in 1635 Narragansett Indian Sachems, Canonicus and
Miantonom, deeded the land for Roger Williams' colony

12. Rhode Island
• Roger Williams went to Rhode
Island, bought land from Indians and
established a colony
• Attracted independent thinkers
– Opposed to special privilege
• Religious Toleration
– Quakers, Jews, non-Puritans
could practice religion freely
• Outcasts came to Rhode Island, but
groups didn’t have much in common
• 1644 Rhode Island gets charter from
Parliament
Independent Man
Rhode Island State Capitol

13. Anne Hutchinson
• Challenged Puritan teachings
– Antinomianism
• Since life is predestined,
people are under no
obligation to follow edicts
of either church or
government
• Was convicted of heresy and
banished from Massachusetts in
1638
• moved to Rhode Island
• Eventually went to New York
and was killed by Indians Anne Hutchinson at trial

14. Connecticut
• Hartford founded in 1635
– 1636 Reverend Thomas Hooker brings
Boston Puritans to get more farmland
for settlers
• New Haven founded 1638
– Wanted an even more strict church-
state connection than Massachusetts
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639
– Created by Hartford settlement
– precedent of Constitution in America
– set up self government, legislative
assembly, court
– voting limited to property owners
• 1662 King Charles II gives Hartford
charter over all of Connecticut, forcing

16. Puritans versus
Indians
• Epidemic in 1621 killed most Indians
around Plymouth
• Pequot War 1637
– English and Narragansett fought against
Pequot
– English annihilate Pequots• Metacom (King Philip) 1675
created Indian alliance to
resist spread of English
– Attacked 52 Puritan
towns
– War ended, Metacom
defeated
– Indian survivors forced to
move onto reservations
– Ended Indian threat to
New England

17. New England Confederation
• Created in 1643 by
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth,
New Haven and Puritan
settlements
– To provide safety and
government during English
Civil Wars
• First step towards unity
– Picked delegates, colonies
worked together for shared
purpose
• Charles II restored in 1660
– Wanted to reassert royal
control
– Gave charters to Connecticut
(1662) and Rhode Island
(1663) Massachusetts Bay
influence
– 1684 revoked Massachusetts
Bay charter

18. Belgian map 1685 New
England
Dominion of New England
• 1686 King James II combined
NY, NJ and NE colonies into one
Royal colony
– Angered colonists because
London imposed Dominion on
them opposed to the
Confederation
– Was supposed to facilitate
defense
– Allowed enforcement of
Navigation Laws

19. Dominion of New England
• Appointed Sir Edmund Andros as
governor
– Disliked because he was
Anglican
– Ban all colonial assemblies,
limited town meetings, courts,
press and schools
• Andros lost support when tried to
stop smuggling
• Dominion of New England ended
with Glorious Revolution in 1688
• 1691 new royal charter issued that
allowed voting to all male property
holders, not just Puritans

20. Glorious Revolution 1688
• William and Mary are asked by Parliament to replace James II
– shows King gets power from Parliament, not God
• Americans follow British example and challenge royal authority
• British officials appointed during James II reign remained in power
in America.
– Prevented political and economic opportunity for colonists
– Lays foundation of resentment in colonies

21. Anglo Dutch conflict
• Netherlands became major
commercial power following
independence from Spain
– 1609 Hudson sails for Dutch
in Hudson Valley and
Canada
– 1626 purchase Manhattan
– 1628 Dutch take Caribbean
Islands from Spain and
Brazil and Indian Ocean
ports from Portugal
– Dutch East and West India
Companies led most trade
and had own armies
– Becomes banking capital of
Europe
• British and Dutch commercial
objectives conflict
• Naval Wars
– (1652-4), (1665-7), (1672-4)

22. Dutch colony on the Hudson
• New Netherland
– Established 1623
– Peter Stuyvesant was Dutch
governor
– From Albany to NYC
– Had easy access to ocean and
interior via Hudson River
– Patroons established – large
feudal type estates
New Amsterdam to New York City
• New Amsterdam (New York City)
– Bought Manhattan for $24
– Was run solely for Dutch
West India Company’s
interests
– Very autocratic
– Dutch would trade with
anyone
– Wanted to make money, not
“City on a Hill”

23. Dutch struggles with English and
Swedish colonies
• Swedish make colonies in Dutch territory along
Delaware River in 1638
• Created as an attempt to establish Swedish
influence following Thirty Years war
• Taken over by Dutch in 1655
– Peter Stuyvesant led military expedition
• New Netherlands was poorly run because emphasis
was on profit, not development of colony
• English colonies in New England felt threatened by
Dutch
– Resisted attempts by Dutch to move into new
territories
– Some wanted military invasion of New
Amsterdam

24. England takes over New Netherland
• New Netherlands were vulnerable because surrounded by British colonies
• King Charles of England gave land including New Netherland to Duke of York
in 1664
• Duke of York sent fleet to make Dutch surrender
– Dutch surrender without a fight
– Stuyvesant did not have ammunition to fight
• Growth was limited due to aristocratic tendencies and corrupt governors
that allowed for power to be concentrated in hands of a few families
Dutch surrender of New
Amsterdam

25. Pennsylvania
• Quakers – Society of Friends
– Wouldn’t pay taxes to Anglican Church
– Treated everyone as equals
– Rejected authority of priests, ministers
– Followed “inner light”
– Believed in equality, pacifism
– Spoke out against slavery
• William Penn
– King Charles II grants land to Penn as
repayment for loan in 1681
– Pennsylvania created for haven for
persecuted people and to experiment
with a more liberal government
– Advertised broadly for settlers
• Encouraged artisans to settle
• Paid Indians for the land for Philadelphia
– Resulted in positive relations
Quaker Meeting

26. Pennsylvania
• Tolerance led to many non-Quakers moving to Pennsylvania
• Freedom of worship, no militia, no limits on immigration
– Grew very rapidly
• Scots, Irish, Scotch-Irish
– Second largest white ethnic group
– Settled in back-country areas
• Germans
– Tried to keep own language and cultures
– Settled mainly Pennsylvania
• developed Conestoga wagons, iron stove
• Quakers lose control
– Attacks by Indians and Quakers refusal to fight led to non-
Quakers getting control of government

27. Middle Colonies
• New York, New Jersey, Delaware,
Pennsylvania
• Soil was fertile and broad, allowed
for growth of grain
– “Bread Basket Colonies”
• Rivers and deep harbors encouraged
trade
– Delaware, Hudson, Susquehanna
• Forests led to timber, furniture and
shipbuilding
• Economy balanced between trade
and farming
• Ethnically mixed
• Largest amounts of religious
tolerance and democracy