The document discusses the culture of the Filipino people during four historical periods - pre-Hispanic, Spanish, American, and Japanese. During the pre-Hispanic period, the Filipinos had their own laws and social classes. They engaged in agriculture, trade, and had their own religious beliefs. Under Spanish rule, new social classes emerged and Filipino culture incorporated aspects of Spanish culture like language, clothing, and Catholicism. During the American period, the Filipinos were exposed to American political systems, Protestantism, new economic opportunities, and adopted American styles of art, fashion, and transportation.

1. CULTURE OF THE FILIPINO
DURING THE PRE-HISPANIC,
SPANISH PERIOD, AMERICAN,
AND JAPANESE PERIOD

2. Pre-Hispanic
Period

3. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣The People’s Commandments
Two (2) left written laws during the Pre-Hispanic Period.
1. Maragtas Code
2. The Code of Kalantiaw
These two are both prepared in Panay. The Maragtas Code was written by
Datu Sumakwel, one of the chieftains from Borneo who settled there. As for
the Code of Kalantiaw, it was said to have been promulgated by the third
chief of Panay and possibly a descendant of Datu Sumakwel, Rajah
Kalantiaw, in 1433.

4. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣Classesof Society
FOUR CLASSES OF SOCIETY:
1. the ruling class (datu)
2. the freemen and notable persons (maharlika)
3. the commoners (timawa)
4. the dependents and slaves (alipin)
The alipin were of two kinds: The aliping namamahay, who were household
servants, and the aliping saguiguilid, who were slave workers.

5. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣ Clothingand Ornaments
The natives already wore clothes and personal ornaments. The men wore
short-sleeved and collarless jackets, whose length reached slightly below the waist.
The colour of the jacket appeared to indicate the position of the wearer in society.
 red for the chief
 blue or black for those below him
For the lower part, they wore a bahag, a strip of cloth wrapped around the
waist, passing between the thighs. Their thighs and legs were left exposed.

6. Pre-Hispanic Period
A piece of cloth wrapped around the head, called a putong, served
as a head gear. The kind of putong one wore was important.
 a red putong meant the wearer had killed a man in war while one who
had killed at least seven people signified so by wearing an
embroidered putong.
They also wore necklaces, armlets or kalombiga, earrings, rings,
and anklets, usually made of gold and precious stones.

7. Pre-Hispanic Period
The women’s upper garment was a
sleeved jacket, called a baro. Over
their skirts (saya or patadyong) was
wrapped a strip of cloth called tapis.
They also wore gem-studded
bracelets, necklaces, rings, and gold
earrings.

8. Pre-Hispanic Period
Tattoos were part of the body ornaments of
pre-Hispanic Filipinos, men and women alike.
These were also sported as war “medals.” The
more tattoos, the more impressive was a
man’s war record. The Filipinos from the
Visayas Islands were the most tattooed,
which was why early Spanish writers
referred to them as Pintados or painted
people. The writers referred to their Islands
as Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted
People.

9. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣Rice and More Rice. Agriculture was the early Filipinos’ main means of livelihood.
They also grew an abundance of rice, sugarcane, cotton, hemp, coconuts, bananas, and
many other fruits and vegetables. Land cultivation was by tilling or by the kaingin
system. With the kaingin system, the land was cleared by burning the shrubs and
bushes. After that, it was planted with rice and other crops, which were watered by
irrigation ditches.

10. Pre-Hispanic Period
The world-famous Ifugao rice terraces of Mountain Province, which have stone walls
and run for thousands of feet on the mountain sides, are irrigated by a system of
ditches. From afar, the terraces seem to be a giant stairway leading to the sky. From
end to end, the length could be about 12,000 miles or halfway around the Earth.
There were public and private lands. Those along the mountainsides and less arable
lands were public property. They were open to everyone who wanted to till them.
Private lands were usually exclusively for nobles and datus.

11. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣ Other Industries
Fishing, mining, lumbering, poultry raising, shipbuilding, and weaving was
included to their other industries. Fishing was particularly thriving for the
settlements along rivers and seas.
Domestic trade existed among the barangays and the islands. The Filipinos’
foreign trade was with China, Japan, Siam (now Thailand), Borneo, Sumatra,
Cambodia, and other islands of old Malaysia. The barter system was used in
business transactions because there was no currency.

12. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣ Their God
Bathala was the supreme god of the pre-Spanish
Filipinos. They attributed to Bathala the creation of the
heavens, Earth, and man. There were lesser gods and
goddesses, like a god of death, a god of agriculture, a
goddess of harvest, sea gods, river gods, and the like. It
was also believed that things found in nature were full of
spirits more powerful than man. Spirits of dead relatives
were also revered. Sacrifices were offered to all of them.

13. Pre-Hispanic Period
The pre-Spanish Filipinos also
revered idols, called anitos in
Tagalog and diwata in Visayan.
These seem to be the counterparts
of the present saints, to whom
Filipinos offer prayers and food,
much like their ancestors did.

14. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣HowIslamConqueredPartsof the Philippines
The Islamization of Southeast Asia was generally
accomplished by peaceful means through Muslim traders,
missionaries, and teachers. They went to Java, Sumatra, Jahore,
Malacca, Borneo, and nearby islands to conduct their mission. To
speed up the conversion process, these proselytizers usually married
into the families of the rich and ruling class.

15. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣ By the 13th century, most of the lands in Southeast Asia
were Islamized.
✣ In the 14th century, Islam was filtered in Mindanao and
Sulu.
✣ In 1380, an Arab teacher, Mukdum, arrived in Sulu from
the Malay peninsula to preach Islam. He built the first
mosque in Simunul, Sulu. He was followed by Raja
Baginda, a minor ruler of Menangkabaw, Sumatra. Raja Baginda

16. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣ 1450, Abu Bakr, a Muslim scholar, came to Sulu and
married Paramisuli, the daughter of Raja Baginda. After
Baginda died, Abu Bakr established a sultanate form of
government with himself as sultan. Islam then spread
rapidly to all parts of Sulu.
✣Serif Kabungsuan propagated the Islam, and became the
first datu in Mindanao
Abu Bakr

17. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣Muslim Malay traders from Borneo spread Islam to
the natives in Manila and in the provinces of
Batangas, Mindoro, and Pampanga. When the
Spaniards arrived in the Philippines during the first
half of the 16th century, many parts of Luzon,
including the large native kingdoms of Manila and
Tondo, had already been Islamized.

18. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣BaranganicRelationsDuring the Pre-Spanish Government
The barangays concluded pacts of alliance and friendship. Such
pacts were sealed between datus by the ceremony of the blood compact
called sandugo. Those barangays that were on friendly terms carried on
commerce, communication, and other intercourse with one another.

19. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣At times, wars and quarrels broke out between barangays. The
chief causes of barangay wars were as follows:
1. maltreatment of a man from another barangay.
2. the abduction of the wife of a man by another man who was native
of another barangay
3. when a trader from one barangay came to another barangay for
purposes of trade and was there insulted, the trader’s barangay
would declare war on the insulting barangay.

20. Pre-Hispanic Period
Social Classes in the Barangay:
The Nobility
• The highest class in the barangay consisted of the nobles
called maharlika.
• They were the datu, his family, relatives, and the rich and
powerful families.
• The men bore the title of gat, which was equivalent to the
Spanish don; while the women were called dayang,
equivalent to the Spanish doña. The princess of the barangay
was known as the lakambini and the prince, lakan.

21. Pre-Hispanic Period
The Freemen
• Next to the nobility were the freemen, who were called
timawa.
• They were persons who were born free and emancipated
slaves.
• They owned houses, lands, jewelries, and other property.
• They accompanied the datu in the wars or in fishing and
hunting.

22. Pre-Hispanic Period
The Slaves.
• The slaves constituted the lowest social class in
the barangay. They were called alipin.
• Among the ancient Tagalogs, the slaves were of
two kinds, namely;
(1) aliping namamahay, they were not
really slaves, but serfs. They could own property,
could marry at will, and could not be sold by their
masters.
(2) aliping saguiguilid. The real slaves
were the aliping saguiguilid, who could not own
property, could not marry without the master’s
consent, and could be sold anytime by their
master.

23. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣Among the ancient Bisayans, there were three
kinds of slaves, namely:
(1) the ayuey, who worked all their time for their
master;
(2) the tumaranpuk, who worked one day for
themselves and three days for their master; and
(3) the tumatabang who worked only when
summoned by their master.
AYUEY

24. Pre-Hispanic Period
✣Slavery in pre-Spanish Philippines was not as harsh and cruel as
that in other countries. The horrible barbarities of slavery which stain
the annals of America were unknown in our nation’s history. Padre
Colin, a Spanish Jesuit historian, attested that the slaves were treated
well and, in many cases, were regarded “in the light of relatives.”

25. Spanish Era

26. Spanish Era
✣SocialClasses
• Peninsulares - Full-blooded Spanish living in the Philippines and
born in Spain.

27. Spanish Era
• Peninsulares
- Full-blooded Spanish
living in the Philippines
and born in Spain.
• Insulares
- Full-blooded Spanish
living in the Philippines
and born in the
Philippines as well.
• Ilustrados
(The Enlightened Ones)
- Wealthy group of
individuals born in the
Philippines and were
able to study abroad.

28. Spanish Era
• Chinese/Spanish
Mestizos
- People with mixed
racial origins and
economically sufficient.
• Indio
- Native/Full-blooded
Filipinos.
• Sangley
- Full-blooded Chinese
living in the Philippines.

29. Spanish Era
• Naturales
- brown-skinned Christianized native Malays of the lowland and coastal towns.
 salvajes orinfieles - savages or infidels.
 remontados - those who refused to live in towns and took to the hills.
 tulisanes (bandits) - all of whom were considered to live outside the social
order

30. Spanish Era
✣Modeof Dressing
• The elegant and luxurious clothing and accoutrements worn by the upper
and middle classes reflect the prosperity they enjoyed in the latter half of
the nineteenth century.
• Adapting features of both European and indigenous clothing, elite fashion
evolved into a metropolitan style intended to convey the education and
civility of Philippine elites
• Displaying their "enlightenment" literally on the body, they performed for
the world a refinement which they believed made them worthy of equality.

31. Spanish Era
✣Piña and Other Luxury Fabrications
In 19th century, las islas filipinas
were internationally renowned for the
production of garments made of piña, that
most transparent of fabrics—decorated with
exquisite open-cutwork embroidery— woven
only in the Philippines from the leaf fibers of
the pineapple plant.

32. Spanish Era
✣Housing
 NIPA HUT
- The nipa hut also known as bahay kubo, is an indigenous
house used in the Philippines.
- The native house has traditionally been constructed
with bamboo tied together and covered with a thatched
roof using nipa/anahaw leaves.
- icon of Philippine culture as it represents the Filipino
value of BAYANIHAN, which refers to a spirit of
communal unity or effort to achieve a particular
objective.

33. Spanish Era
 BAHAY NA BATO
- The Bahay Na Bato, the Colonian Filipino House, is a mixture of native
Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences.
- In Vigan, Ilocos Sur, excellently preserved examples of the houses of the
noble Filipinos can be admired.
- In Taal, Batangas, the main street is still ligned with examples of the
traditional Filipino homes.

34. Spanish Era
✣Religion
- Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion and the largest
Christian denomination, with estimates of approximately 80% of
the population belonging to this faith in the Philippines. The
country has a significant Spanish Catholic tradition, and Spanish
style Catholicism is embedded in the culture, which was acquired
from priests or friars.

35. Spanish Era
✣Language
- The Filipino language, derived from the Tagalog language,
which is the national language today, was even a Spanish influence.
The Filipino vocabulary came from the Spanish language and was
only changed in spelling over time. Among other Filipino languages
influenced by the Spaniards are Ilocano, Bicolano, Sugbuhanon,
Hiligaynon, Visaya and many other dialects existent within the
country.

36. American Period

37. American Period
✣Government
• Partisan politics was one of those institutions which the Americans brought to the
Philippines. The municipal elections that followed the implantation of American
sovereignty gave the Filipinos the first taste of politics, American-brand.
• With the founding of political parties, however, they began to discern the
American political patter: issue was outlined, platforms were laboriously
prepared, speeches were delivered and political chest funds accumulated.
• Philippine national elections were honest and based on the merits of the issues
involved.

38. American Period
• Thus many American political practices finally found a rich soil in
the Philippines.
• But over and above the negative effects of the imported brand of
politics, the Filipinos learned the intricate machinery of
government.

39. Religion
• During the Spanish-Colonization of the Philippines, Filipinos were forced to
convert to Christianity (Roman Catholic), but after the Philippines was dominated by
American, Protestantism then arrived which was the religious belief of the Americans.
American Period

40. American Period
• America in return also adopted Roman Catholic Christianity after
the American invasion in the Philippines on July 4, 1946.
• In 1898-1945 missionaries of the Jehovah's Witnesses arrived in
the Philippine during the American Occupation. For this reason
Jehovah’s Witnesses Religion was also adopted in the Philippines.

41. American Period
✣EconomyandLivelihood
• The economic development of the Philippines under the United States may be attributed to the
free trade relations that the Americans imposed upon the country.
• When the American Congress passed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act that partial free trade
relations between the Philippines and the U.S. were established. Under this Act, all Philippine
exports, except rice, were allowed to enter American markets free of duty within certain quota
limits.

42. American Period
✣Arts,Culture,andTradition
• . Filipinos of all classes and origins soon
began adopting Western aspects of
civilization, among them clothes. Filipinos
during the American invasion also adopted
the American fashion statement using hats,
long sleeved coats and long sleeved polos
inside it with matching neck ties for men.

43. American Period
In art America contributed
the oil painting and blood red
paint:
• oil paintings- is the process of
painting with pigments that are
bound with a medium of drying
oil. Often an oil such as linseed
was boiled with a resin such as
pine resin or even frankincense.

44. American Period
• Blood red paint - is a dark paint also known as alizarin
crimson.chool.

45. American Period
✣Transportation
• Sevel transposrtations have been influenced by the Americans in the the
Philippines, such us the submarine, cartels, railways, ancient bull carts, cars etc.

46. American Period
✣Socialstructure
Many Americans believe in a simple three-class model that includes the:
• Rich - This term is applied to a wide array of elite groups existing in the United States.
• Middle class - is an ambiguously defined social classes in the united states. While the
concept remains largely ambiguous in popular opinion and common language use,
contemporary sociologists have put forward several, more or less congruent, theories on
the middle class.
• Poor - This measure recognizes poverty as a lack of those goods and services commonly
taken for granted by members of mainstream society

47. American Period
✣Systemof Education
In the System of writing:
• The American system of vertical writing
• The vertical writing began some 15 years ago as a hygienic movement. Certain
German medical experts pronounced in favour of vertical rather than sloping
penmanship for the prevention of certain ophthalmic and orthopaedic
troubles, which seemed to result largely the prevailing style of writing in the
schools.
• The system has found many advocates in all parts of Europe, and is now well
established in most of the German States, having been introduced either
experimentally or finally a large number of schools.

48. American Period
✣ There are some advantages of vertical system or writing:
• Allows the pupils to sit in a natural position, namely, fronting the
desk
• Both eyes are exercised equally
• The hand is not cramped in slop in writing
• It is more easily learned

49. American Period
• The Americans spread their culture, particularly the English language to the
Filipinos. The Filipinos are given the chance to built public schools.
• The Filipinos are given the chance to built public schools. The first teachers
of the Filipinos were the volunteer Filipino soldiers. The part of their
mission was to build classrooms in every place where they were assigned.
These soldiers stopped teaching when a group of teachers from the US came
to the Philippines in June 1901.
• In August 1901, 600 teachers called Thomasites. This group became
successful in their mission.

50. American Period
There were also colleges during the American period. Some of these colleges are:
• Philippine Normal School in 1901 (now a university)
• Silliman University (1901)
• Negros Oriental High School (1902)
• St. Paul University Dumaguete(1904)
• Cebu Normal School (1915) also a university at present
• Iloilo Normal School in 1902 (now West Visayas State University)
• Zamboanga Normal School in 1904 (now Western Mindanao State University)
• National University (1901)
• University of Manila (1914)
• Philippine Women University (1919)
• Far Eastern University (1933)

51. American Period
Examples of vocational schools are:
• The Philippine Nautical School Philippine School of Arts and Trades
• The Central Luzon Agriculture
• The University of the Philippines was also founded in 1908.

52. Japanese Period

53. Japanese Period
✣Philippine Culture in Japanese Occupation
• The Filipinos lost their freedom of speech and expression.
• The development of art was also stopped.
• Filipinos greatly feared the "zoning".
• There were Filipinos spies hired by the Japanese to point those who were
suspected of being part of the guerrilla movement.
• The Japanese made some changes in the system of education.

54. Japanese Period
✣Philippine MusicDuring the Japanese Era
• Japanese music was heard daily in radio broadcasts. Their songs were also
taught in public schools. Students, however, never took these songs to heart.
• The Japanese held conferences and lectures on Oriental music in Manila with
the hope of diverting the loyalty of the Filipinos away from the Americans.
• In May 7, 1943, the first Japanese Musical Mission was held, with the
support of the New Philippine Musical Federation headed by Kosak Yamada.

55. Japanese Period
• The Japanese nevertheless encouraged the creation and
performance of music with native themes through music
contests.
• Concerts were also a common form of amusement for
Filipinos at the time and the Metropolitan Theatre
became an important venue for cultural events.
• Classical music, including opera, flourished during the
war.
• The New Philippine Symphony, the first all-Filipino
orchestra, was organized. It performed an all-Philippine
symphonic program in July 1942, with Francisco
Santiago as conductor.
Francisco Santiago

56. Japanese Period
✣Radio calisthenics
• Radio calisthenics refer to the broadcasting of exercise music through radio
stations early in the morning in order to encourage exercise. Today, radio
calisthenics may still be seen in the form of aerobics performed in groups.

57. Japanese Period
✣Kiteflying
• Kite flying is now a popular activity in the Philippines – kite flying is now considered part of
a Filipino’s childhood. It is believed that the practice of kite flying was learned from the
Japanese. In fact, the Japanese even spend their whole New Year’s Day while flying kites.

58. Japanese Period
✣Martialarts
• The Japanese introduced martial arts to the people of the Philippines. Famous examples of
which include Aikido, Judo, and Karate
AIKIDO KARATEJUDO