This document discusses various concepts, theories, and approaches related to English language teaching pedagogy. It begins by outlining how English functions as a global lingua franca and is learned as a native, second, or foreign language. Key language concepts like register, dialect, and idiolect are also defined. Theories of language acquisition from behaviorism to constructivism are then summarized. The document proceeds to explain influential frameworks for conceptualizing language pedagogy, from Anthony's three-level model to the structural, functional, and interactive views of language. Finally, specific teaching methods are outlined, such as audiolingualism, the direct method, and communicative language teaching.
1. Language Basic Concepts,
theories & Pedagogy. English in
Use.
By Komal Shahedadpuri
Research Scholar
Dept of English,
MK Bhavnagar University.
2. English Language Teaching
● Global lingua franca
● 3 concentric circles for diffusion of
English
- As Native Language
- As Second Language
- As Foreign Language
● L2 Learning & Acquisition
● Part of Linguistic
● Language is primarily a means of making
meaning. Conversation is the central
focus of language and the keystone of
language acquisition.
3.
4. Basic Language Terms
● Cliche
● Register
● Pidgin
● Creole
● Dialect
● Idiolect
● Langue
● Parole
5. Language Theories
● Human Brain and language acquisition
● Behaviourism & learning (Pavlov&Skinner)
● Cognitivism - Universal Grammar Theory (Nativist,Chomsky)
● Gestalt learning Theory (Wertheimer, Kohler & Koffka)
● Stephen Krashen’s Theory (SLA)
● Script Theory (Silvan Tomkins in 1954)
● Constructivist Learning Theory (John Dewey)
6. Language Pedagogy
● Edward Anthony in 1963
introduced 3 levels of
conceptualization and
association which labeled as
- Approach (Communicative)
- Method (Direct/Natural)
- Technique (Role play)
7. ● Richards and Rogers'
1982 approach expanded
on Anthony's three-level
framework
8. There are three principal views:
The structural view treats language as a system of structurally related elements to code
meaning (e.g. grammar).
The functional view sees language as a vehicle to express or accomplish a certain
function, such as requesting something.
The interactive view sees language as a vehicle for the creation and maintenance of
social relations, focusing on patterns of moves, acts, negotiation and interaction found in
conversational exchanges. This view has been fairly dominant since the 1980s
9. Approaches
● Structural
● Functional
● Natural
● Oral
● Communicative
● Lexical
● Task based
language
teaching
Methods
● Grammer Translation
● Total Physical
Response
● Audio Lingual
● Suggestopedia
● Silent way
● Direct Method
10.
11. Structural methods
Grammar–translation method
● Derived from classical method of
teaching Latin & Greek
● Focus on grammatical rules, list of
vocabulary and translation exercises
● Emphasis on learning to read and
write. Vocabulary is taught in the
form of lists of isolated words.
● Instructions given in mother tongue
(help of L1)
Ex. में खुरशी पर बेठा हु!
I am seating on the chair.
Audio-lingual method
● Developed during outbreak of World
war
● Know as Oral/Army method
● Based on behavior psychology
● Identify the grammatical structures
and the basic sentence patterns.
● Practice these patterns by systematic
attention to pronunciation and
intensive oral drilling.
● Material in dialogue form Repetitive
drills , limited vocabulary
12. Functional methods
The oral approach and situational
language teaching
● Speech and structure were seen to be
the basis of language and, especially,
speaking ability.
● Language learning is habit-formation.
Language skills are learned more
effectively if they are presented
orally first, then in written form. The
meanings of words can be learned
only in a linguistic and cultural
context.
Directed Practice
● It is a part of learning that occurs
immediately after instruction.
● Directed practice under observation of
teacher, tutor or parent and
independent practice done by students
individually.
● It can quickly provide a phrasebook-
type knowledge of the language.
Within these limits, the student's
usage is accurate and precise.
13. Silent Way (Caleb Gattegno)
● Makes extensive use of silence as a
teaching method
● It was first introduced in Gattegno's
book Teaching Foreign Languages in
Schools: The Silent Way in 1963.
● It is well known for the use of colored
sticks called Cuisenaire rods and for
his approach to the teaching of initial
reading in which sounds are taught by
colors.
● Pronunciation is fundamental
Interactive (communicative) methods
14. The series method(François Gouin)
● Teaching learners DIRECTLY
(without translation) and conceptually
(without grammatical rules and
explanations) Series of connected
sentences that are easy to perceive
● Direct "translation" of experience into
words, makes for a "living
language"through a chronological
sequence of events. .
Direct method
● It sought to immerse the learner
in the same way as when a first
language is learnt.
● All teaching is done in the
target language, grammar is
taught inductively, there is a
focus on speaking and
listening, and only useful
‘everyday' language is taught.
15. Communicative language teaching
(approach)
● Emphasizes interaction as both the
means and the ultimate goal of
learning a language
● At level of approach (theory) ,
design and procedure
● Successful communication in the
target language is the main goal of
communicative language teaching
● Dogme language teaching
Task based language teaching
(TBLT)
● An approach which offers
students opportunities to
actively engage in
communication through various
tasks.
● Students are free to use
whatever vocabulary and
grammar they know.
● Students will be exposed to a
whole range of lexical phrases,
collocations and patterns as well
as language forms
16. Teaching Proficiency through Reading
and Storytelling
● Developed by Blaine Ray, a
language teacher in California, in the
1990s
● Part of the comprehension approach
to language teaching
● Incorporate narrative and descriptive
component
● Stories contain vocabulary and
grammar introduced with physical
gestures or body movements
developed and then dramatized in
the class
Total physical response (TRP)
James Asher , psychologist
● Strong association of action and
vocabulary
● Teaching language or vocabulary
concepts by using physical
movement to react to verbal input
● Connection between language and
child psychology
● the coordination of speech and
action
Ex. Parents say shut the door that
followed by physical action of a child
17. Community language learning
● An approach in which students work together
to develop what aspects of a language they
would like to learn
● Base on Counselling-approach in which the
teacher acts as a counselor and a paraphraser,
while the learner is seen as a client and
collaborator.
● Encourages interaction as a vehicle for
learning in a group and meaningful
conversations in which they discuss real
messages.
Suggestopedia
● A method developed in 1970s by the
Bulgarian psychotherapist Georgi
Lozanov
● The music is specially selected to
bring the students into the optimum
mental state for the effortless
acquisition of the material
● SUGGESTOPEDIA is the study of
these suggestive factors in a learning
situation
Humanism based methods
18. Pimsleur method
● language learning system based
on the research of and model
programs developed by American
language teacher Paul Pimsleur
● 30-minute lessons with each
lesson typically featuring a dialog,
revision, and new material.
Proprietary methods
Michel Thomas Method
● An audio-based teaching system
developed by Michel Thomas
● Focuses on constructing long
sentences with correct grammar and
building student confidence
● There is no listening practice, and
there is no reading or writing too
19. To sum up…
● Thus, there are diverse pedagogical approaches in English
language teaching that can make language studies more
innovation, interesting and easy for learner.
● In brief, learning methods are many just like roads are many but
the point or destination where we are supposed to reach is one. So
get command over English language as L2 is essential and we are
marching towards it.
