2. Early ShelterEarly Shelter
Early Humans livedEarly Humans lived
in caves thatin caves that
provided a degree ofprovided a degree of
safety and protectionsafety and protection
from the weather andfrom the weather and
wild animals.wild animals.
Another form of earlyAnother form of early
shelter was a dugout,shelter was a dugout,
which is a large holewhich is a large hole
dug in the earth.dug in the earth.
3. Housing of NativeHousing of Native
AmericansAmericans
Native AmericansNative Americans
occupied Northoccupied North
America beforeAmerica before
Europeans arrived.Europeans arrived.
The materials usedThe materials used
for their housingfor their housing
depended on whatdepended on what
was available in thewas available in the
section of the countrysection of the country
in which they lived.in which they lived.
4. Housing of ColonistsHousing of Colonists
The first sheltersThe first shelters
used by theused by the
European settlersEuropean settlers
were copied afterwere copied after
Native AmericanNative American
dwellings.dwellings.
Other houses wereOther houses were
built of sod.built of sod.
Dirt floors wereDirt floors were
common.common.
The abundance ofThe abundance of
trees in the easterntrees in the eastern
forests made the logforests made the log
cabin convenient tocabin convenient to
build.build.
The first log cabinsThe first log cabins
were built about 1640were built about 1640
by Swedish andby Swedish and
Finnish colonists.Finnish colonists.
5. Housing During 1700sHousing During 1700s
and 1800sand 1800s
Throughout the 1700Throughout the 1700
and 1800sand 1800s
farmhouses rangedfarmhouses ranged
in design andin design and
construction fromconstruction from
sod houses to logsod houses to log
cabins to ranchcabins to ranch
houses.houses.
At the same time,At the same time,
large plantationlarge plantation
houses were built inhouses were built in
the south.the south.
6. Urban HousingUrban Housing
The housing in citiesThe housing in cities
was built closewas built close
together andtogether and
croweded withcroweded with
inhabitants, causinginhabitants, causing
a high density.a high density.
DensityDensity is theis the
number of people innumber of people in
a given area.a given area.
A number ofA number of
tenement houses,tenement houses,
or early apartments,or early apartments,
were constructedwere constructed
before housingbefore housing
regulations existed.regulations existed.
The first of theseThe first of these
houses appeared inhouses appeared in
New York CityNew York City
around 1840.around 1840.
7. Urban HousingUrban Housing
The first row housesThe first row houses
were built in the 1820s.were built in the 1820s.
Rwo houses are aRwo houses are a
continuous group ofcontinuous group of
dwellings connected bydwellings connected by
common sidewalls.common sidewalls.
Two-family dwellings,Two-family dwellings,
called duplexes werecalled duplexes were
built soon after.built soon after.
8. Changes in HousingChanges in Housing
Wood and Coal burningWood and Coal burning
stoves appeared instoves appeared in
houses.houses.
Oil and gas lampsOil and gas lamps
replaced candles.replaced candles.
Iceboxes were available.Iceboxes were available.
However, only peopleHowever, only people
with high incomes couldwith high incomes could
afford to take advantageafford to take advantage
of these newof these new
developments.developments.
9. Housing in the 1900sHousing in the 1900s
During the early 1900s, the number ofDuring the early 1900s, the number of
immigrants to the U.S. increased dramaticallyimmigrants to the U.S. increased dramatically
and many moved to cities and this meant moreand many moved to cities and this meant more
housing was needed.housing was needed.
Then, during World War I, almost no housingThen, during World War I, almost no housing
was built, except by the federal government.was built, except by the federal government.
This caused a housing shortage.This caused a housing shortage.
The impact of the increased population, WorldThe impact of the increased population, World
War I, and the Great Depression had leftWar I, and the Great Depression had left
housing conditions in a neglected state.housing conditions in a neglected state.
10. New Solutions toNew Solutions to
Housing ShortagesHousing Shortages
In response to housingIn response to housing
shortages, factory-shortages, factory-
produced units emergedproduced units emerged
as a major type ofas a major type of
American housing.American housing.
Factory-built housingFactory-built housing
units helped with theunits helped with the
housing shortage byhousing shortage by
serving as year-roundserving as year-round
housing for manyhousing for many
people.people.
11. Steps to ImproveSteps to Improve
HousingHousing
AA new townnew town is anis an
urban developmenturban development
consisting of a smallconsisting of a small
to midsize city with ato midsize city with a
broad range ofbroad range of
housing and plannedhousing and planned
industrial,industrial,
commercial, andcommercial, and
recreational facilities.recreational facilities.
12. Steps to ImproveSteps to Improve
HousingHousing
AA subdivisionsubdivision is ais a
smaller version of thesmaller version of the
new town concept.new town concept.
In a subdivision, theIn a subdivision, the
density and types ofdensity and types of
buildings are controlled.buildings are controlled.
Subdivisions are oftenSubdivisions are often
created fromcreated from
undeveloped land byundeveloped land by
private investors calledprivate investors called
developers.developers.
13. The NavajoThe Navajo
A group’s culture influences its housing, andA group’s culture influences its housing, and
the housing becomes part of the culture.the housing becomes part of the culture.
The Navajo, a tribe from the Southwest, lived inThe Navajo, a tribe from the Southwest, lived in
aa hoganhogan, which was a building made of logs, which was a building made of logs
and mud.and mud.
The windows faced west and a single doorThe windows faced west and a single door
faced east.faced east.
The placement of the door had religiousThe placement of the door had religious
significance.significance.
The Navajo believed the door must face east so theThe Navajo believed the door must face east so the
spirit guardians could enter.spirit guardians could enter.
14. Spanish StyleSpanish Style
Before regions in theBefore regions in the
South becameSouth became
states, they werestates, they were
settled by thesettled by the
Spanish.Spanish.
The Spanish builtThe Spanish built
missions withmissions with
whitewashed wallswhitewashed walls
and red-tiled roofs.and red-tiled roofs.
15. Societal Influences onSocietal Influences on
HousingHousing
Signs of societal change are everywhere.Signs of societal change are everywhere.
They can be seen in the growth of theThey can be seen in the growth of the
cities and the movement of people tocities and the movement of people to
new jobs and locations.new jobs and locations.
They can be seen in relationships andThey can be seen in relationships and
lifestyles.lifestyles.
Many of these changes affect housing.Many of these changes affect housing.
16. Household SizeHousehold Size
The U.S. Cencus Bureau collects data toThe U.S. Cencus Bureau collects data to
provide information onprovide information on demographicsdemographics, which, which
are statistical facts about the humanare statistical facts about the human
population.population.
In 1790 the average household size wasIn 1790 the average household size was
between 3 and 7.between 3 and 7.
In 1900 the majority had 2 and 5.In 1900 the majority had 2 and 5.
In 2000, the census showed that only 1 or 2In 2000, the census showed that only 1 or 2
people lived in most households toady.people lived in most households toady.
17. People withPeople with
DisabilitiesDisabilities
A disability mayA disability may
interfere with ainterfere with a
person’s ability toperson’s ability to
walk.walk.
Their housing mustTheir housing must
allow them to carryallow them to carry
out day-to-dayout day-to-day
activities with as littleactivities with as little
restriction asrestriction as
possible.possible.
18. Working at HomeWorking at Home
The number of people working from theirThe number of people working from their
homes is increasing.homes is increasing.
TelecommutingTelecommuting is working at home oris working at home or
another site through an electronic link toanother site through an electronic link to
a central office’s computer.a central office’s computer.
Working at home not only presentsWorking at home not only presents
challenges for designing the workspacechallenges for designing the workspace
but also for dealing with distractions.but also for dealing with distractions.
19. EnvironmentalEnvironmental
Influences on HousingInfluences on Housing
TheThe natural environmentnatural environment is provided byis provided by
nature.nature.
Land, water, trees, and solar energy.Land, water, trees, and solar energy.
TheThe constructed environmentconstructed environment includesincludes
the natural environment after it has beenthe natural environment after it has been
changed by human effort.changed by human effort.
TheThe behavioral environmentbehavioral environment is an ais an a
housing environment for people tohousing environment for people to
interact with one another.interact with one another.
20. How Housing AffectsHow Housing Affects
the Economythe Economy
One way to measure theOne way to measure the
economy is to determineeconomy is to determine
the number of familiesthe number of families
that can afford to buy athat can afford to buy a
median-priced home inmedian-priced home in
their area.their area.
High mortgage rates andHigh mortgage rates and
high unemploymenthigh unemployment
affects the ability ofaffects the ability of
households to purchasehouseholds to purchase
housing.housing.
21. How the EconomyHow the Economy
Affects HousingAffects Housing
TheThe housing markethousing market
is the transfer ofis the transfer of
dwellings from thedwellings from the
producers to theproducers to the
consumers.consumers.
The strength of theThe strength of the
housing markethousing market
depends on supplydepends on supply
and demand.and demand.
22. High TechHigh Tech
Homes now may include media rooms orHomes now may include media rooms or
home theaters complete with largehome theaters complete with large
screens and high tech sound systems.screens and high tech sound systems.
Many architects and interior designersMany architects and interior designers
useuse computer-aided drafting andcomputer-aided drafting and
design (CADD),design (CADD), which is software andwhich is software and
hardware that creates designs with ahardware that creates designs with a
computer.computer.
23. GovernmentalGovernmental
Influences on HousingInfluences on Housing
Laws regulatingLaws regulating
housing beganhousing began
during colonial times.during colonial times.
Since the 1930s, theSince the 1930s, the
federal governmentfederal government
has stepped up itshas stepped up its
efforts to improveefforts to improve
housing conditions inhousing conditions in
the U.S.the U.S.
24. Housing StandardsHousing Standards
Standards includeStandards include
building codesbuilding codes,,
establish minimumestablish minimum
standards for materialsstandards for materials
and constructionand construction
methods.methods.
AA zoning regulation,zoning regulation, isis
a governmenta government
requirement that controlsrequirement that controls
land use.land use.
