Two benefits of folded and faulted landscapes are as sources of minerals and energy. Folded and faulted rock reveals mineral deposits like copper, tin, and silver. Faulting also reveals coal beds. Folded landscapes also provide hydroelectric energy from dams in mountainous areas. Three measures that can avoid risk from hazards are land use regulations, financial incentives, and natural resource management. Two measures that can reduce risk are building standards and retrofitting. Land use regulations zone areas for development and specify building requirements. Financial incentives guide development away from hazard-prone areas. Natural resource management protects forests, wetlands, and beaches to avoid landslides, flooding, and erosion.

1. CAPE 2007 U1/P2/#6
6a) Describe with suitable and well labeled diagrams, TWO benefits of folded and faulted
landscapes to mankind [10 marks]
b) Government can respond to risk of hazards by adopting measures that avoid and reduce
risk.
Write an essay outlining THREE measures that avoid and TWO that can reduce the risk
posed by hazards. [20 marks]
a)
Two benefits of folded and faulted landscapes are source of minerals and energy.
Firstly, one benefit of faulted landscapes is being a source of minerals. Cordilleran folds
where magma consolidates as batholiths from which molten material arises are the sources of
many minerals of economic importance. The mining is concentrated where the batholiths are
either uncovered by erosion or lie on the surface. For example, there is a major zone of
mineralization in the Rockies where copper is found. The Andean region produces tin, copper
and silver. Sulphur deposits from volcanoes are mined in Chile. Faulted landscape in Devon and
Cornwall reveal veins containing metal ores. Folding and faulting have also revealed beds of
coals in the Appalachians.
In addition, a second benefit of folded landscapes is energy. Hydroelectric power has
several advantages over fossil fuels. There is no pollution, it is renewable and is relatively cheap.
It is best developed in areas of high relief-fold mountains or uplifted faulted blocks. For
example, Norway as developed its hydroelectric resources and bauxite companies to be smelted
in Norway. Along belts of shattered rock, water circulating deep within the earth has a fast route
to the surface. The temperature remains high enough to provide geothermal power. For example,
Iceland and New Zealand have developed their geothermal power resources. In the USA, it is
associated with Basin and range topography and in Kenya, with the Rift Valley.
b)
A hazard is a threat of a naturally occurring event that will have a negative impact on the
people or the environment. Three measures that can avoid the risk posed by hazards are; land use
regulations, financial incentives and natural resource management. Two measures that can
reduce the risk posed by hazards are building standards and retrofitting.
Firstly, land use regulations can be used to avoid the risk posed by hazards. Certain parts
of a city/country are unsuitable for certain types of land use. In other cases, there are dangers
involved in having land uses in close proximity to residential and noxious chemicals. For
example, obvious risks can be avoided by specifying areas where residential, commercial and
industrial functions are allowed zoning. Zoning regulations are not only useful in specifying
functions. Within residential areas they could specify where land is unsuitable for building

2. CAPE 2007 U1/P2/#6
purposes which may include, too steep and subject to erosion, too close to water courses where
residential uses and wastes could put fresh water supplies at risk. Land use regulations could
specify the density, height, dimensions, alignment of buildings, the width of roads, and the need
for access roads, all in the interest of safety.In agricultural areas, land classification systems
could protect food supplies by specifying land subject to flooding and unsuitable for agricultural
purposes. Where necessary, land use regulations can be backed up by compulsory purchase and
land acquisition.
Secondly, financial incentives can avoid the risk posed by hazards. These are useful in
guiding development. These could take the form of tax exemptions, favourable land prices and
the provision of infrastructure/utilities. In this way, commercial/industrial ventures could be
guided to areas where they could do least harm to people and the environment. When financial
incentives fail, there can be harsh penalties for unacceptable uses. In most countries, laws are in
place but they are not strictly enforced.
Thirdly, natural resource managementcan be used to avoid the risk posed by hazards.
Hazards can be avoided if governments exert strict control over the management of natural
resources. Many landslides are caused by the removal of forests from hill slopes where they
stabilize the soil and conserve water supplies. Beaches are being eroded because of the type of
structures on coastlands and sometimes by attempts to protect the beaches. Wetlands should be
protected because they serve for fish and protect coastal areas. Rivers are being mined to provide
sand for building purposes.