2. Objectives
• To learn the variety of distribution channels and
how they affect cost and efficiency in marketing.
• To understand the Japanese distribution structure
and what it means to Japanese customers and to
competing importers of goods.
• To be aware of how distribution patterns affect
the various aspects of international marketing.
• To understand the functions, advantages, and
disadvantages of various kinds of middlemen.
3. • To learn the importance of selecting and
maintining middlemen.
• To know the growing importance of e-
commerce as a distribution alternative.
• To understand the interdependence of
physical distribution activitites.
4. The Distribution Process
• Physical handling and distribution of goods.
• Passage of ownership (INCOTERMS)
Producer Middlemen Customers
5. Distribution Structure
• Variety of Middlemen
– Customary functions, activities and services.
• Reflection of:
– Competition
– Mkt characteristics
– Tradition
– Economic development
7. Japanese Distribution Structure
Structure dominated by many small middlemen
dealing with many small retailers
Channel control by manufacturers
A business philosophy shaped by a unique culture
Laws that protect the small retailer
8. Current Distribution Trends
• Web-based purchasing.
• Former competitors create Str. Alliances.
• Discount stores
• Diversification of activities
In Spain, El Corte Inglés is the biggest
Department store, in Colombia, Informática
El Corte Inglés takes care of the numeric
Portability process; also there is a travel
Agency named Viajes El Corte Inglés.
Dia is a discount chain owned by
Carrefour
9. Distribution Patterns
• The middlemen will not disappear.
• Patterns vary between markets.
• The “traditional” pattern will take longer to
disappear.
Branded Shops are examples of
Distribution Patterns
11. Direct Marketing
• Mail, telephone or door-to-door.
Multi-level catalog sales
Are booming in LatAm.
Shop America bypassed the japanese retailing
system by sending catalogs to customers who
may order by mail.
12. Resistance to Change
Prodiscos, the biggest colombian records retailer was slow in reaction facing the
threat of Online piracy and digital streaming and downloading. It tried to rebrand
itself as Entertainment Store during its last years but lost to the impeding change in
distribution trends.
14. Types of Middlemen
• Agent Middlemen
– Manufacturer’s Export Agent
– Acts on behalf of the manufacturer.
• Merchant Middlemen
– Combined Export Manager
– Acts on its own behalf
15. Domestic Middle-Men
Manufacturers’
Retail Store
• Disney
Global
Retailers
• Sears Roebuck
Export Management
Companies
• All things export
related
Trading
Companies
• Long tradition of
supplying goods to
developing countries.
Complementary
Marketers
• Piggybacking
Manufacturer’s
Exports Agent
• Act on behalf of the
producer
16. Foreign-Country Middlemen
• Closer to the host country market.
• It helps avoiding:
– Problems of language
– Physical distribution
– Communications
– And Financing
18. Before Selecting Channels
• It’s necessary to address these points:
1. Identify specific target markets within and
across countries.
2. Specify marketing goals in terms of volume,
market share, and profit margin requirements.
3. Specify financial and personnel commitments to
the development of international distribution.
4. Identify control, length of channels, terms of
sale, and channel ownership.
23. Control
• The longest the channel, the least the control
the manufacturer has.
With several middlemen the power to decide over
• Price
• Volume
• Promotion
• And outlets
Diminishes.
27. The Internet
• E-commerce is a form of direct selling.
•It reduces procurement costs.
•It allows better supply chain
management
•It makes possible tighter
inventory control.