The objective it to substitute 10% of Italian petrol by mean of non-fossil energy

1. Dal Pastro Filippo 1035010
Marsullo Matteo 1035499
Strada Marco 1039963
Zandarin Simone 1041186

2. Objective
Substitute 10% of Italian petrol by mean of non-fossil energy.
Comparison between two alternatives
 Substitution of the Italian car fleet
 Non-substitution of the Italian car fleet
Bases of comparison
 Environmental aspect
 Economic aspect
 Energetic aspect

3. Aims
 Until 26th April
 Preliminary analysis biodiesel
 Preliminary analysis electric car
 Data search for LCA biodiesel
 Data search thermoeconomic analysis
 Until 14th May (II presentation)
 LCA biodiesel
 Thermoeconomic analysis biodiesel
 Data search electric car
 14th June (III presentation)
 LCA electric car
 Final results and conclusions

4. Preliminary Analysis Biodiesel
Annual consumption (2012)
[t/year]
Petrol+ bioethanol 8,38E+06
Petrol 7,96E+06
Diesel + biodiesel 2,48E+07
Diesel 2,36E+07
Biodiesel 1,24E+06
GPL automotive 1,35E+06
Car fleet 2012
Petrol 20163157
Diesel 14484902
GPL 1776255
Total 36424314
Petrol
55%
Diesel
40%
GPL
5%
Petrol
24%
Diesel
72%
GPL
4%
Sources: Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (website), ACI (website)

5. Results
Total energy from fossil fuel 1,46E+12 MJ/year
Energy source to replace with non-fossil fuel 1,46E+11 MJ/year
Distance traveled with such energy 7,06E+10 km/year
Quantity of fuel to cover 7,06E+10
Km/year
diesel 3,29E+06 t_diesel/year
biodiesel 3,85E+06 t_BD/year
→ 3,85E+06 t_BD/year
Mixture calculation t/year
New diesel quantity 2,03E+07
New biodiesel quantity 5,09E+06
Mixture (%) 20,05

6. Yield oil into biodiesel 0,975 t_BD/t_oil
Yield land
rapeseed 1,15 t_oil/ha
sunflower 0,95 t_oil/ha
Land occupied
100% rapeseed 3429723,188 ha
100% sunflower 4151770,175 ha
80% rap - 20% sun 3574132,586 ha
Land currently occupied in Italy
Italian surface 3,00E+07 ha
Italian agricultural land 1,78E+07 ha
of which used (SAU) 1,27E+07 ha
Italian agricultural land to produce biodiesel → 20,08%
Source: Governo Italiano (website)

7. LCA Biodiesel - Goals & objectives
 Functional unit: kgBD
 System boundaries:
 Technological => rapeseed oil biodiesel
Ballestra production plant
200000 t/year
blend: B20
 Geographical => Italy
 Temporal => nowadays – 2020
10 years plant life
 Data category: secondary

8. LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis

9. LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissions
 Nearly Carbon
Neutral (see
Carbon Balance)

10. LCA Biodiesel – CO2 Emissions
12%
12%
5%
2%
69%
Agricultural phase Oil extraction phase
Biodiesel production phase Transportation
Engine
 Engine main
source of CO2

11. LCA Biodiesel – Carbon Balance
Unitary operation gCO2eq/kgBD %
Agricultural phase -3234,28 -361,40 absorbed
Oil extraction 586,46 65,53 released
Biodiesel production 255,25 28,52 released
Trasportation 106,87 11,94 released
Use in engine 3180,63 355,41 released
Total 894,92 100
 Emissions => Carbon balance
 GWP indexes
• CO2 => 1 gCO2eq
• CH4 => 21 gCO2eq
• N2O => 310 gCO2eq
 Impact categories
• C1 Greenhouse
• C6 Toxicity
• C7 Non-renewable resources
consumption

12. LCA Biodiesel – Main Flows
 Input (kg/kgBD)
 Seeds 0,0049
 Rapeseed oil 1,025
 Methanol 0,141
 Water 4319,65
 Primary Energy 22,82
MJ/kgBD
 Output (kg/kgBD)
 Biodiesel 1
 Glycerol 0,1026
 Meal 1,639
 Waste 2,461
 CO2 0,895

13. Thermoeconomic Analysis: Flowsheet
 Production: 50000 tBD/year
 Operation: 8000 h/year

14. Thermoeconomic Analysis
Exergetic Analysis
 Data
 Mass flow, temperature and
pressure of each stream
 Chemical exergy of each input
substance
 Results
 Exergetic value of each stream,
exergetic balances (definitions of
fuel and product)
 Irreversibilities indroduced by
each component
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 + 𝐼𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
Component Component Irreversibility [kJ]
A Pump 1 22,99
B Heat Exch 1 197,00
C Mixer 1 19,46
D Pump 2 25,36
E Mixer 2 252,60
F Reactor 5483,00
G Distillator 8,99
H Pump 3 299,40
I Pump 4 42,30
L Heat Exch 2 262,50
M Wash 114,00
N Distillation 1 1834,00
O Neutralization 48,62
P Distillation 2 350,30

15. Thermoeconomic Analysis
Unit Costs
 Hypothesis:
 Definition of the unit cost of each input
 Energy cost: 10 c€/kWh
 Steam cost: 1,15 c€/kg
 Definition of the cost of each component
 Use of postulates
 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑘 ∙ 𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑘𝑘 +
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑘 = 0
Stream Unit Costs [€/MJ]
1 2,02
2 2,021
3 2,024
4 0,76
5 1,88
6 0,7708
7 0,7794
8 1,565
9 2,104
10 2,1
11 2,272
12 2,1
13 2,102
14 2,102
15 0
16 2,106
17 2,123
18 2,123
19 2,123
20 2,106
21 2,29
22 2,112
23 2,316
24 2,316

16. Thermoeconomic Analysis
Indicators
 Cost increases
∆𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑃 − 𝐶 𝐹 =
𝑍
𝑃
+ 𝐶 𝐹 ∙
𝐼
𝑃
Component Increase of Cost (*10-8) Exergoeconomic Factor
Pump 1 1,71 0,2627
Heat Exch 1 6,59 0,1161
Mixer 1 10,83 0,004359
Pump 2 22,91 0,2441
Mixer 2 80,64 0,002945
Reactor 275,80 0,005045
Distillator 3,61 0,9209
Pump 3 299,50 0,01349
Pump 4 2,97 0,1622
Heat Exch 2 9,03 0,08971
Wash 3,40 0,08677
Distillation 67,45 0,02773
Neutralization 65,69 0,1067
Distillation 258,40 0,0473
 Exergoeconomic factor
𝑓 =
𝑍
𝑍+𝐶 𝐹∙𝐼

17. Preliminary Analysis Electric Car
Fuel quantity to
substitute with
electric energy
Substitution
with electric
energy
Electric energy
from fossil
sources
Electric energy
from renewable
sources
Fossil fuel
consumption
Comes from
Thermoelectric
efficency (Italy):
η=0.42
- Grid losses
- Electric energy production in Italy- km/MJ electric car and ICE
(Internal Combustion Engine)
- Efficiency of the batteries
Y
X

18. Preliminary Analysis Electric Car
 Data
 Battery Efficiency: 95%
 Fuel consumption => Electric cars = 1,634 km/MJ
=> ICE = 0,485 km/MJ
 Grid losses: 6%
 Thermoelectric efficiency (Italy): 42%
 Electricity production in Italy
 Non-renewable sources: 74,9%
 Renewable sources: 25,1%
Sources: previous courses, ACI (website)

19. Preliminary Analysis Electric Car
 Calculation
𝑇 − 𝑌 + 𝑋 = 0,9 ∙ 𝑇
𝑌 =
0,42 ∙ 0,94 ∙ 0,95 ∙ 2,063
0,749 ∙ 0,612
∙ 𝑋
X = fossilfuelconsumption in powerplants (%)
Y = totalfuelquantity to substitute (%)
T = totalfuelenergyconsumption (100%)
 Results
𝑋 = 14,53
𝒀 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟑

20. Preliminary Analysis Electric Car
 Hypothesis: substitution of about 25% of the private
Italian car fleet.
 Note that 60% of the Italian drivers covers less than 30
km per day: this distance can be easily done with an
electric car that uses batteries that are already sold.

21. Preliminary Analysis Electric Car
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Millionsofcars
Year
Registrations
Substitution: time

22. Preliminary Analysis Electric Car
 Hypothesis: 2 millions of cars substituted per year
 Cases:
1. All the new registered cars are electric
=> 4,55 years
2. 50% of the new registered cars per year are electric
=> 9,11 years
3. 25% of the new registered cars per year are electric
=> 18,21 years
4. 15% of the new registered cars per year are electric
=> 30,35 years

23. Task to be completed
 Electric cars:
 Economic analysis:
Evaluation of the costs for substitution
 Environmental analysis
LCA

24. THANK YOU FOR THE
ATTENTION
GRAZIE PER L’ATTENZIONE

25. LHV [MJ/kg] Density [kg/l]
Petrol 43,6 0,725
Diesel 44,4 0,825
GPL 46,1 0,525
Biodiesel 38 0,88
Average consumption of MCI
km/l km/kg km/MJ MJ/km
Petrol 15,3 21,103 0,484 2,066
Diesel 17,7 21,455 0,483 2,069
GPL 12,3 23,429 0,508 1,968
mean 15,1 21,996 0,492 2,034
Weighted mean of car on the road 0,485 2,063
Source: ACI (website)

26. LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis
input kg/ha MJ/kgBD kg/kgBD
water 800000 4310
total primary energy 8,82
fossil energy 8,21
fuel 116,5 0,1371
lubricating oil 3,6 0,0042
seeds 4,15 0,0049
fertilizer and weed killer 175,66 0,2067
output kg/ha kg/kgBD
seeds 2445 2,876
crop residues 4800 5,647
waste 0,446
 Agricultural phase

27. LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis
 Oil extraction
phase
input kg/h MJ/kgBD kg/tseeds kg/kgoil kg/kgBD
water 311 3,28 0,008 7,51
total primary energy 6,2
fossil energy 6,2
hexane 191 2,02 0,005 0,0051
steam 13584 143,5 0,357 0,3679
air 317,5 3,35 0,008 0,0085
output kg/h kg/tseeds kg/kgBD
meal 60515 639,356 1,639
stack gas 7972 84,226 0,216
excess steam (hexane) 2467 26,064 0,067
waste water 3093 32,678 0,084
skins 6702 70,808 0,182
gums 579 6,117 0,016
waste 1,98
Input from agricultural phase kg/h
seeds 94697
Output to biodiesel production kg/h
oil mixture 70438
crude seed oil 37973

28. LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis
 Biodiesel production
phase
input kg/h MJ/kgBD kg/kgBD
water 2,14
total primary energy 6,48
fossil energy 6,48
caustic solution 9,5% 252,09 0,038
methanol 940,17 0,141
output kg/h kg/kgBD
glycerol 2716 0,1026
recovered methanol 2527 0,0955
methanol steam 3378 0,1276
sodium methoxide 252,71 0,0095
hydrocloric acid (sol 10%) 792,26 0,0299
waste water 1802 0,0681
waste 2306 0,0026
Input from oil extraction kg/h
crude degummed rapeseed oil 10896,64
Output to usage kg/h
ester 10522

29. LCA Biodiesel - Inventory Analysis
 Transportation
 Vehicles
 Tractor (agricultural phase), mean journey 20 km
 Truck (seed to oil extraction plant), mean journey 100 km
 Truck (oil to biodiesel production plant), mean journey 100 km
input MJ/kgBD t (steel) kg/kgBD
water 4,05E-03
total primary energy 1,32
fossil energy 1,32
fuel (diesel) 0,028
steel 242 0,577
output MJ/kgBD t (steel) kg/kgBD
waste 3,27E-02
Trasport
 64,6 q seeds per journey
 160 q oil per journey
 160 q BD per journey
Steel
 82 t for tractor
 80 t for every truck

30. LCA Biodiesel – Impact Analysis
 Resource consumption
Unitary operation
Primary energy Water
MJ/kgBD % kg/kgBD %
Agricultural phase 8,82 38,65% 4310 99,77651%
Oil extraction 6,2 27,17% 7,51 0,17386%
Biodiesel production 6,48 28,40% 2,14 0,04954%
Trasportation 1,32 5,78% 4,05E-03 0,00009%
Use in engine 0 0,00% 0 0,00000%
Total 22,82 100,00% 4319,65 100,00%

31. LCA Biodiesel – Impact Analysis
 Output
Unitary operation Waste Water waste
kg/kgBD % kg/kgBD %
Agricultural phase 0,446 18,12% 0 0,00%
Oil extraction 1,98 80,44% 0,084 55,17%
Biodiesel production 2,64E-03 0,11% 0,0681 44,83%
Trasportation 3,27E-02 1,33% 0 0,00%
Use in engine 0 0,00% 0 0,00%
Total 2,461 100,00% 0,152 100,00%

32. LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissions
air emissions
g/kgBD
agricultural
phase
oil
extraction
biodiesel
production Trasportation
use in
engine total
CO2 (fossil) 544 550 235 102 3180,63 4611,63
CO2 (biomass) -3875 0 0 0 0 -3875
CH4 0,308 1,68 0,949 5,90E-02 0,215 3,211
CO 5,04 0,185 7,70E-02 0,358 13,59 19,25
HC (except CH4) 4,701 0,164 0,238 8,16E-02 3,54 8,7246
Benzene 0,0000408 1,38E-03 5,75E-05 1,68E-03 / 3,16E-03
Formaldehyde 0,000218 7,98E-04 1,47E-04 4,75E-05 / 1,21E-03
Particulate 0,871 3,33E-02 0,1 4,01E-02 1,56 2,6044
SOx 1,87 2,24 2,57 1,13E-01 / 6,7930
N2O 0,275 3,80E-03 1,04E-03 1,17E-02 0 0,2915
NOx 5,18 1,75 0,991 1,52 68,94 78,381
HCl 0,00371 9,91E-03 9,22E-03 1,69E-04 0 0,0230
HF 0,000237 1,20E-03 4,72E-04 2,88E-05 0 0,0019
NH3 0,0374 1,06E-04 3,69E-05 1,31E-06 0 0,0375

33. LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissions %
air emissions
g/kgBD
agricultural
phase
oil
extraction
biodiesel
production Trasportation
use in
engine total
CO2 (fossil) 11,80 11,93 5,10 2,21 68,97 100,00
CO2 (biomass) 100,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 100,00
CH4 9,59 52,32 29,55 1,84 6,70 100,00
CO 26,18 0,96 0,40 1,86 70,60 100,00
HC (except CH4) 53,88 1,88 2,73 0,94 40,57 100,00
Benzene 1,29 43,69 1,82 53,19 / 100,00
Formaldehyde 18,01 65,92 12,14 3,92 / 100,00
Particulate 33,44 1,28 3,84 1,54 59,90 100,00
SOx 27,53 32,98 37,83 1,66 / 100,00
N2O 94,33 1,30 0,36 4,01 0,00 100,00
NOx 6,61 2,23 1,26 1,94 87,95 100,00
HCl 16,12 43,07 40,07 0,73 0,00 100,00
HF 12,23 61,93 24,36 1,49 0,00 100,00
NH3 99,62 0,28 0,10 0,00 0,00 100,00

34. LCA Biodiesel – Air Emissionsair emissions
gCO2eq/kgBD
agricultural
phase
oil
Extraction
biodiesel
production Trasportation
use in
engine total
CO2 (fossil) 544 550 235 102 3180,63 4611,63
CO2 (biomass) -3875 -3875
CH4 6,468 35,28 19,929 1,239 0 62,92
CO
HC (except CH4)
Benzene
Formaldehyde
Particulate
SOx
N2O 85,25 1,178 0,3224 3,627 0 90,38
NOx
HCl
HF
NH3
CO2 (total) -3234,282 586,458 255,2514 106,866 3180,63 894,92

35. LCA Biodiesel – Water Emissions
water emissions
g/kgBD
agricultural
phase
oil
extraction
biodiesel
production trasportation
use in
engine total
BOD5 8,51E-04 1,54E-03 8,88E-04 1,38E-04 0 3,42E-03
COD 2,77E-03 8,07E-03 4,15E-03 2,24E-03 0 1,72E-02
Metalli 4,11E-03 3,15E-03 3,26E-03 4,45E-03 0 1,50E-02
NH4+, NH3 2,48E-02 1,65E-03 5,54E-04 1,58E-03 0 2,86E-02
Nitrati 1,17E-04 1,51E-03 4,76E-04 4,69E-04 0 2,57E-03
water emissions
g/kgBD
agricultural
phase
oil
extraction
biodiesel
production trasportation
use in
engine total
BOD5 24,90 45,07 25,99 4,04 0,00 100,00
COD 16,08 46,84 24,09 13,00 0,00 100,00
Metalli 27,45 21,04 21,78 29,73 0,00 100,00
NH4+, NH3 86,76 5,77 1,94 5,53 0,00 100,00
Nitrati 4,55 58,71 18,51 18,23 0,00 100,00

36. Thermoeconomic Analysis ExergyStream T [°C] p [kPa] portata [kg/h] h [kJ/kg] s [kJ/(kg °C)] Ex_chem [kW] Ex [kW] ex [kJ/kg]
1 25 100 6563,156316 -2612 0,137 77619,21192 77619,21192 42575,424
2 25 400 6563,156316 -2612 0,178 77619,21192 77596,87219 42563,170
3 60 400 6563,156316 -2543 0,533 77619,21192 77529,4842 42526,207
4 25 100 732,5732573 -7473 10454 4936,993699 4936,993699 24261,297
5 25 100 62,50625063 -8766 -26,28 32,5220022 32,5220022 1873,080
6 25 100 791,9541954 -7574 -0,666 4950,057506 4950,057506 22501,563
7 26,7 400 791,9541954 -7568 -0,26 4950,057506 4924,779978 22386,658
8 26,7 400 1490,149015 -7523 0,677 9634,732223 9587,30248 23161,636
9 60 400 8053,305331 -3253 1,093 81974,17867 81817,37549 36574,120
10 28,2 20 695,069507 -6278 5,886 4936,993699 4912,591259 25443,971
11 26,7 400 695,069507 -7466 1,857 4936,993699 4915,147765 25457,212
12 122,3 30 7358,235824 -2721 1,397 77373,61861 77259,38219 37798,976
13 122,3 200 7358,235824 -2723 1,459 77373,61861 77217,5155 37778,492
14 70 150 7358,235824 -2839 0,98 77373,61861 77272,13346 37805,214
15 25 100 68,75687569 -15810 0,364 0,956345635 0,956345635 50,073
16 60 110 6625,662566 -2389 1,103 73202,85779 73146,13336 39743,358
17 193,7 10 48,87988799 -4645 5,206 400,0775078 399,8087309 29445,882
18 414,7 20 328,1578158 -1117 1,606 3877,087709 3902,515252 42811,886
19 193,7 10 6250 -2114 2,135 68747,06221 68725,91009 39586,124
20 50 110 800,080008 -8039 -1,636 4045,4983 4012,963796 18056,531
21 25 100 93,75937594 -2326 -5,886 27,64026403 27,64026403 1061,280
22 60 110 764,4514451 -8270 0,207 4075,045005 4060,874837 19123,712
23 56,2 40 56,38063806 -12660 1,438 138,4263426 138,3013301 8830,776

37. Thermoeconomic Analysis
Component Costs
Component Cost
Pump 1 40000,00
Heat Exch 1 23000,00
Mixer 1 4000,00
Pump 2 40000,00
Mixer 2 4000,00
Reactor 500000,00
Distillator 480000,00
Pump 3 20000,00
Pump 4 40000,00
Heat Exch 2 23000,00
Wash 40000,00
Distillation 1 240000,00
Neutralization 50000,00
Distillation 2 80000,00
 Hypothesis:
 Life time: 10 years
 Cost of maintenance: 5% of the component
cost
 Inflation rate: 5%
 Calculation
𝑍𝑖 = 𝑍 ∙
𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 + 1 𝑛
1 + 𝑖 𝑛 − 1
∙
1
8760 ∙ 3600
+
0,05 ∙ 𝑍
3600 ∙ 8760