24. EX La casa es grande. El granero es mas grande que la casa. El castillo es el mas grande de todas. EX Este dinosaurio es feroz. Este dinosaurio es menos feroz que el otro. Este dinosaurio es el menos feroz del mundo. Comparativos y Superlativos Irregulares Bueno- mejor Viejo- mayor Malo- Peor Joven- Menor Números Hay mas de cinco elefantes. Hay menos de siete elefantes. La manzana es bueno El plátano es mejor que la manzana. Las cerezas son las mejores de todos las frutas
25. Connecting Words Aunque- even though Tambien- also Mientras- while A resir de- in spite of Pero- but Por lo tanto- Therefore Sin embargo/ no obstante- Nevertheless Transition Words These words can be used to link or connect different parts of a sentence.
31. Passing through- Portal General rather than specific location- Portugal How long something lasts- Porever The cause of something- Porpuse An Exchange- Import/Export Doing something in place of or instead of someone else- I’m por, pay for me A means of transportation- Transportation Examples Viajamosportressemanas. Me caí por la nieve Por
32. For whom something is done- Surprise Paraty Destination- Paraguay The purpose for which something is done- Parachute To express an opinion- Paradon me, but… To contrast of Compare- Compara To express idea of deadline- Paramedic Para
33. Conditional Form and Irregulars Would, Should, Could Often used with verbs such as gustar Endings ía ías ía íamos ían Ex. ¿Quéhorasería?What time could it have been? Estaría en su casa.He must have been at home.
34. Madebycombining"has" or "have" with the past participle Two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb (Haber) Haber: he has ha hemos habéis han Present Perfect Tense Ex. He comido. I have eaten. He pagado la cuenta. I have paid the bill.
35. Formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle. Formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber: había habías había habíamos habíais habían Past Perfect Tense Ex. Habíavivido. I had lived. Juanhabíaabierto las puertas. Juan hadopenedthedoors.
36. The future perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. In this case, "haber" is conjugated in the future tense. Used to describe what will have happened in the future before a different action takes place, or by a specific time. Haber: habré habrás habrá habremos habréis habrán Future Perfect Tense Ex. Habrá pagado todas las deudas para el dos de octubre.He willhavepaidallthedebtbyOctober 2. Habremos vuelto de España para el doce de junio.WewillhavereturnedfromSpainby June 12.
37. Used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect Used to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms Haber Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos hayan Perfect Subjunctive Ex. 1. I doubt that you did it Dudoque lo hayashecho
38. To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use tan + adjective (adverb) + como To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como Tan vs. Tanto Ex. Juan tiene tanto dinero como María.(as muchmoney as) El libroestan buenocomo la película.(The book is as good as the movie.)
39. The English equivalent of 'one' and 'people.' Refers to an unidentified human agent. It only uses intransitive verbs and 'objectless' transitive verbs The verb is always singular. Ex. 1. En los EstadosUnidos se come mucho. People eat a lot in the United States. 2. Se puede encontrar cocos en el mercado.You can findcoconuts in themarket. Impersonal “se”
40. Both used to express the idea "to know" Not interchangeable saber: to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart) conocer: to know (to be familiar with people, places, things) Ex. 1. Juan sabe donde está María.Juan knowswhereMariais. 2. Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.Alberto and Alfredo know (are acquainted with) Madrid. Saber vs. Conocer
41. Used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb. Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child. Formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. For that reason, the formal commands are often referred to as polite commands Los Mandatos- Informal vs. Formal
42. Tu Commands (Informal) Usted Commands (Formal) Affirmative Commands -ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.) -er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.) The affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form
43.
44.
45. With affirmative commands, the final "s" of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronoun "nos“ Let us = English Equivalent Ex. Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos.Let's sit down. Nosotros Commands: Mono Verbs
46. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish Used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc. For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps: Forming it: Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following endings: -ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en -er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an Subjunctive Tense and Triggers Ex. Nosalegramos de quetegustenlasflores. We are happy that you like the flowers. Temoquemisestudianteslluguentarde. Im afraid my students will arrive late.
47.
48. Indicate fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or other sentiments or biases Expressions of Emotion
49. take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the (potential) future Phrases: asíque as soon as Cuando when despues de que after en cuanto as soon as hastaque until luegoque as soon as tan pronto como as soon as Conjunctions of Time Ex. Trabajéhastaquemisniños me llamaron. I worked until my kids called. Trabajohastaquemisniños me llaman. I (usually) work until my kids call. Trabajahastaquetusniñostellamen. Work until your kids call. Trabajaréhastaquemisniños me llamen. I'll work until my kids call.
