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Why ddt was banned
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H ome » food additives » food s afety » health info » health tips » tes t kit » Why DDT Was Banned
Why DDT Was Banned
The abbreviation DDT stands for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. DDT is a synthetic chemical
compound once used widely in the United States and throughout the world as a pesticide (a chemical
substance used to kill weeds, insects, rodents, or other pests). It is probably best known for its dual
nature: although remarkably effective in destroying certain living things that are harmful to plants
and animals, it can also be extremely dangerous to humans and the environment. At the time people
where afraid of getting malaria from mosquitoes. People thought DDT did not hurt any animals
because it did not affect humans, but they were wrong as it affected many animals other than
mosquitoes. The birds ate the insects, small birds and fish that contained DDT.
DDT was first produced in the laboratory in 1873. For more than half a century, it was little more than
a laboratory curiosity—a complicated synthetic (produced by scientists) compound with no apparent
use. Then, in 1939, Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller (1899–1965) discovered that DDT was highly
poisonous to insects. The discovery was very important because of its potential for use in killing
insects that cause disease and eat agricultural crops. For his work, Müller was awarded the Nobel
Prize in medicine in 1948.
During and after World War II (1939–45), DDT became extremely popular among public health
workers, farmers, and foresters. Peak production of the compound reached 386 million pounds (175
million kilograms) globally in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, 22,204 tons (20,000 metric tons) of DDT
was used annually in the former Soviet Union. The greatest use of DDT in the United States occurred
in 1959, when 79 million pounds (36 million kilograms) of the chemical were sprayed.
By the early 1970s, however, serious questions were being raised about the environmental effects of
DDT. Reports indicated that harmless insects, fish, birds, and other animals were being killed or
harmed as a result of exposure to DDT. Calcium Carbonate is an essential chemical in egg shells.
When mother birds ate the animals exposed to DDT, it concentrated or accumulated in her body and
caused the egg shell to be formed with a very thin shell. Also, since their shells where too thin the
eases got over heated when incubated or the egg shells would crack before the chicks were fully
developed. The pesticide was even blamed for the nearextinction of at least one bird, the peregrine
falcon. Convinced that the environmental damage from DDT was greater than the compound's
possible benefits, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned the use of DDT in the United
States in 1973. Its use in certain other countries has continued, however, since some nations face
health and environmental problems quite different from those of the United States.
DDT's environmental problems arise because of two important properties: persistence and lipid
solubility. The term persistence refers to the fact that DDT does not break down very easily. Once the
pesticide has been used in an area, it is likely to remain there for many years. In addition, DDT does
not dissolve in water, although it does dissolve in fatty or oily liquids. (The term lipidsolubility is used
because fats and oils are members of the organic family known as lipids.) Since DDT is not soluble in
water, it is not washed away by the rain, adding to its persistence in the
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environment. But since DDT is lipidsoluble, it tends to concentrate in the body fat of animals. The
following sequence of events shows how DDT can become a problem for many animals in a food web.
DDT is used today in such African nations as Zimbabwe and Ethiopia to control mosquitoes and the
tsetse fly. These two insects cause serious diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness. DDT
saves lives when used on the tsetse fly in Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe. But once sprayed on the lake,
DDT does not disappear very quickly. Instead, it is taken up by plants and animals that live in the
lake. Studies have shown that the concentration of DDT in the lake itself is only 0.002 parts per
billion. But algae in the lake have a concentration of 2.5 parts per million. Other members of the food
web also accumulate DDT from the organisms they eat. Fish that feed on the algae have DDT levels of
2 parts per million; tigerfish and cormorants (both of whom live on the algaeeating fish) have levels
of 5 and 10 parts per million, respectively; and crocodiles (who eat both tigerfish and cormorants)
have levels as high as 34 parts per million.
Bird watchers and scientists found a decrease in nests and got suspicious. Scientists discovered DDE
which is the remaining chemical after DDT breaks down. As soon as it could be scientifically proven
that DDT was harmful, it was banned. Bans on the use of DDT in the United States and some other
nations have given ecosystems in those countries a chance to recover. Populations of peregrine
falcons, for example, have begun to stabilize and grow once again. Many other animal species are no
longer at risk from DDT. Of course, poor nations continue to face a more difficult choice than does the
United States, since they must balance the protection of the health of their human populations
against the protection of their natural ecosystems. In December 2000, in a convention organized by
the United Nations Environment Program, 122 nations agreed to a treaty banning twelve very toxic
chemicals. Included among the twelve was DDT. However, the treaty allowed the use of DDT to
combat malaria until other alternatives become available. Before it can take effect, the treaty must be
ratified by 50 of the nations that agreed to it in principle.
by Dr. Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Source:
http://www.articlesbase.com/sciencearticles/whyddtwasbanned515100.html
This page concern to food sciences, nutrition and additives topics. The information provides thorough and
uptodate information, covering a broad range of topics in the food science and technology. Topics covered
include: Food industry, food groups and composition, food chemistry, food processing and preservation,
food laws and regulations, food microbiology and fermentation, food safety, food toxicology, food
biotechnology, sensory evaluation, and food product development.
OTHERS INFO: A lot of information about Easy Test Kit Product can you read detail at Easy Test Kit
Website and a lot of information on the use of formalin (formaldehyde) in food or beverages in Indonesia
(including some other hazardous materials) can read details on THIS BLOG.
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