Education of the Marginalized with Special Reference TO India

What is Marginalization?
Marginalization is forcing
a person or a particular
group of a particular
society to be away from
the mainstream of the
society by denying him or
it all the rights and
opportunities for
developing himself or
itself by getting education
and participating in such
developmental activities.
By Hathib k.k.

Discrimination is treating
different categories of
people of a society or
group in different manner
that some categories
among them are treated
with injustice and
prejudice by denying them
privileges that are offered
to the other categories
because of some hidden
causes .
What is Social Discrimination?
By Hathib k.k.

Social Exclusion is making a
person or a particular group of
a particular society out of the
social order by denying them
even the most primary human
rights. It is a severe than
marginalization that in
marginalization, such groups
enjoy the basic rights, though
they are forced to remain at a
corner of the society without
getting opportunity for
developing themselves, as the
privileged groups do.
What is Social Exclusion?
By Hathib k.k.

It is clear that Marginalization and
Social Exclusion Occur When there is
Social Discrimination
By Hathib k.k.

Discrimination may occur at two levels.
They are 1. Individual
2. Social
By Hathib k.k.

Individual discrimination is
when an individual is denied
the provisions and rights give to
others in a society on account
of some prejudice. Individual
discrimination occurs in
families, in classrooms, and at
times in society itself on
account of prejudice of parents,
lack of skill in classrooms, or
because of some epidemic
called aids.
Individual Discrimination By Hathib k.k.

Social discrimination occur
when a particular group of a
particular society is denied the
provisions and rights given to
other groups in that society on
account of their existence in a
particular gender, religion, cat,
race, linguistic group etc. Here
rights are denied not on the
basis of one’s individual traits
or characteristics, but on the
basis of the social background
that he belongs to.
Social Discrimination
By Hathib k.k.

There are Different Types of
Discrimination. The Following Slides
Make a Glance at them
By Hathib k.k.

Gender discrimination or
Gender bias is denying some
particular gender groups the
rights and opportunities that
are enjoyed by some other
gender groups of the same
society only because they
belong to this particular gender.
Hence, if a person who belongs
to a particular gender is denied
an opportunity because that
person doesn’t deserve it on
the basis of the qualifying
criteria, it cannot be called
gender discrimination or gender
bias.
Gender Discrimination
or Gender Bias
By Hathib k.k.

Racial discrimination is denying
some particular racial groups
the rights and opportunities
that are enjoyed by some other
racial groups of the same
society only because they
belong to this particular race.
to a particular race is denied an
opportunity because that
racial discrimination.
Racial Discrimination
By Hathib k.k.

Cast discrimination is denying
some particular cast groups the
rights and opportunities that
are enjoyed by some other cast
groups of the same society only
because they belong to this
particular cast.
to a particular cast is denied an
opportunity because that
criteria, it cannot be called cast
based discrimination.
Cast Based Discrimination
By Hathib k.k.

Religious discrimination is
denying some particular
religious groups the rights and
opportunities that are enjoyed
by some other religious groups
of the same society only
because they belong to this
particular religion.
to a particular religion is denied
an opportunity because that
religious discrimination.
Religious Discrimination
By Hathib k.k.

Linguistic discrimination is
denying some particular
Linguistic groups the rights and
opportunities that are enjoyed
by some other linguistic groups
of the same society such getting
education in their own mother
tongue.
Linguistic Discrimination
By Hathib k.k.

And it is widely said and discussed that there have been severe
discriminations in India on the basis of religion, cast, race,
language, gender etc., and for making such people, too, the part
of mainstream, the Constitution as well as different Govt.
policies offer some positive discrimination towards such people.
By Hathib k.k.

Positive Discrimination is some
special privileges and reservation
offered to the marginalized groups,
in different developmental areas like
education, employment,
administration etc. to fetch them,
too, into the mainstream of the
society. It is also known as
compensatory discrimination on the
argument that they were
marginalized on account of different
historical and social factors
Then What is Positive
Discrimination?
By Hathib k.k.

The following slides discuss the provisions and privileges that
Indian Constitution offers to the marginalized groups as a part
of Positive Discrimination Policy.
By Hathib k.k.

Article 14
The State shall not deny to
any person equality before
the law or the equal
protection of the laws
within the territory of India
Prohibition of
discrimination on grounds
of religion, race, caste, sex
or place of birth
By Hathib k.k.

Article 14
Actually Says
That all the people should
not be treated in the same
manner, but people belong
to same circumstances
should be treated in the
same manner.eg. Each
person should not be taxed
by the same standard, but
the people of the same
circumstances should be
taxed by the same standard
By Hathib k.k.

Hence Article
14 Does say
That all the people should
not be considered for
admission for educational
institution or appointment
for the govt. sector on the
basis of same criteria, but
people of same
circumstances shall be
considered on the basis of
same criteria
By Hathib k.k.

So its clear that Artic14 Offers special
privileges for the Marginalized Groups
By Hathib k.k.

Article 15 (3)
Nothing in this article shall
prevent the State from
making any special
provision for women and
children ( Actually the
Article is for Prohibition of
discrimination on grounds
of religion, race, caste, sex
or place of birth. How ever,
on the basis of this the state
should not hesitate to offer
special provisions for such
people)
By Hathib k.k.

Article 15 (4)
Nothing in this article or in clause
( 2 ) of Article 29 shall prevent the
State from making any special
provision for the advancement of
any socially and educationally
backward classes of citizens or for
the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes ( clause ( 2 ) of
Article 29 says that no citizen shall
be denied admission into any
educational institution maintained
by the State or receiving aid out of
State funds on grounds only of
religion, race, caste, language or
any of them)
By Hathib k.k.

So the Indian Constitution says that the state shall
not misinterpret the main clause of the Article 15
and clause (2) of the Article 29 for denying the
special provision for the marginalized ones.
By Hathib k.k.

Article 17
Untouchability is abolished
and its practice in any form
is forbidden The
enforcement of any
disability arising out of
Untouchability shall be an
offence punishable in
accordance with law
By Hathib k.k.

So Article 17 strictly prohibits segregation on the
basis of religion or cast or such issue in classrooms
and school campuses, which often make students
from such circumstances stop their education
uncompleted .
By Hathib k.k.

Article 30 (1)
All minorities, whether
based on religion or
language, shall have the
right to establish and
administer educational
institutions of their choice
By Hathib k.k.

Article 30 (2)
The state shall not, in
granting aid to educational
institutions, discriminate
against any educational
institution on the ground
that it is under the
management of a minority,
whether based on religion
or language
By Hathib k.k.

So Article 30 ensures that the people of Minority
groups also get enough opportunity for gaining
proper education so that to be a part of the
mainstream .
By Hathib k.k.

Article 350 (A)
It shall be the endeavor of every
State and of every local authority
within the State to provide adequate
facilities for instruction in the
mother-tongue at the primary stage
of education to children belonging to
linguistic minority groups; and the
President may issue such directions
to any State as he considers necessary
or proper for securing the provision
of such facilities.
By Hathib k.k.

S497 of the Indian
Penal Code
Whoever has sexual intercourse with a
person who is and whom he knows or
has reason to believe to be the wife of
another man, without the consent or
connivance of that man, such sexual
intercourse not amounting to the
offence of rape, is guilty of the offence
of adultery, and shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description for
a term which may extend to five years,
or with fine, or with both. In such case
the wife shall not be punishable as an
abettor.
By Hathib k.k.

So S497 of IPC says that people of different
circumstances may not be treated in the same
manner
By Hathib k.k.

Let’s see the reservation of seats for the
marginalized groups in different Educational
Institutions
By Hathib k.k.

Government Colleges
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Open Quota Reservation
Distribution of Total Seats
By Hathib k.k.

Government Colleges
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
SEBC EBFC SC/ST
8% 10%
15%
7%
5%
1%
1%
3%
Distribution of Reserved Seats Out of 50 % of the
Total Seats
EZ
MU
LC
OBX
OBH
SC
ST
SEBC( Socially & Educationally
Backward Classes)
EBFC ( Economically Backward
Among Forward communities)
SC/ST( Scheduled Cast &
Scheduled Tribes)
EZ ( Ezhave) ,MU ( Muslim)
LC ( Latin Cathelic)
OBX( Other Backward
Christians)
OBH( Other Backward Hindus)
SC( Scheduled Cast)
ST ( Scheduled Tribe)
By Hathib k.k.

Government Colleges By Hathib k.k.

Mandatory reservation in Aided
& Affiliated Colleges
50%
15%
5% 10%
20%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Forward Community colleges
40%
15%
5%
20% 20%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Minority Community colleges
By Hathib k.k.

Mandatory reservation in Aided
& Affiliated Colleges
By Hathib k.k.

Reservation in Self financing
Programmes
50%
15%
5% 9% 8% 2% 1% 5%0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
By Hathib k.k.

Reservation in Self financing
Programmes
By Hathib k.k.

Now, Let’s Make a Glance at the
Status of Women as a Marginalized
Group, and the Provisions and
Scheme, introduced for them, as a
part of Positive discrimination
Policy in India
By Hathib k.k.

As it has been echoing at the air
during different eras that women
in India has been being deprived
since the ancient period, and the
major factor behind this
miserable status of them, is the
discrimination in the case of
education, the constitution as well
as different Governments of
different ages in India have been
offering them many a privilege in
the case of education.
By Hathib k.k.

The status of women during
Vedic Age is seen through two
dimensions: Some view that they
enjoyed high position while some
others are of the view that they
were severely segregated by the
male dominant society. Another
view is that they had been equal
to men during early Vedic Age
while their status got deteriorated
during the later Vedic Age.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period
By Hathib k.k.

So there is a big
question mark before
us: which of these
views is true?
By Hathib k.k.

Actually, both are
correct, in one or
another sense. Let’s
look….
By Hathib k.k.

If you look at it through a
traditionalist’s view you can see
that women enjoyed higher status
that people offered them all the
sorts of honor and respect as a
mother, wife and daughter, and
they were provided education
exclusive for them, which
concentrated on the duties of
women to husbands, religious
rituals etc.
By Hathib k.k.

If you look at it through a
modernist’s eye, you will say that
such a respect itself is a part of
hypocrisy that they were forcing
them sit at the chambers at home
by providing such a ‘respect’.
By Hathib k.k.

However, even those who say that
there were educational
opportunities for women during
Vedic Age, are of the view that
girls were not allowed to
participate in Upanayana
Ceremony i.e. the initial
ceremony for starting education
during the Vedic Age
By Hathib k.k.

And the modern critics may
proclaim that even the
Kshathriya Women were not
allowed to indulge in practicing
warfare arts or martial arts, as
you can hardly see women
warriors of the great Epic
Periods.
By Hathib k.k.

More over, most of the
legendary women in India
were ardent devotees of
their husbands, who
displayed unprecedented
honesty and service to their
husband even by sacrificing
their own interests and
tastes.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
With all these we can assume that,
though the women in India during
the Vedic Age were honored and
served just below to God, they were
not allowed to actively indulge in
public activities with male counter
parts. This was the common
phenomena in the educational
system, too, that women during
those times were provided
education at their homes, that too ,
related with their duties as a
women as well as the religious
rituals and scriptures.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
There are different views on the
status of women during Budhist
Age, too. Some are of the view that
during later Vedic age, status of
women was so tragic, and Budha
was liberator for them, who allowed
them join Sanghas and Viharas.
Some other say that the status of
women became deteriorated during
the Budhist Period.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
An article, written by Ashwani
Kumar and Namita Singh
(http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac
.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/
bot_1997_01_02.pdf), says that
it was during Budhist Age that
women became exactly equal to
men.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
History regards the Medieval Age
in India i.e. the age when India was
ruled by the Muslim Kings, the
status of women was the most
pathetic, as they were not allowed
to go outside or participate in
public activities because of the
Purdha System. However, as
historians say, the women of upper
class families were enjoying
education at their home.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
And it is widely said that the status
of women started climbing upwards
during the British Rule in India, as
the Christian Missionaries took
charge of spreading modern
education in India.
(http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com
/india-2/changes-in-the-status-of-
indian-women-during-british-rule-
essay/4400/)
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
 They started the first girls school
in Bombay in 1824.
 The Hunter Commission in
1881, recommended female
education
 After 1882, Girls were allowed to
get admitted for higher
education.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
The Social Reform Movement of
19th Century under the leadership
of Rajaram Mohan Rai, played a
vital role in the enhancement of the
status of women in India. They
worked hard for the abolishment of
the social evil called ‘Sati’. They
were also successful in making
great awareness among people on
the importance of modern
education for gents as well as
women.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
Like Rajaram Mohan Rai,
Ishwar Chandra vidyasagar, also
played an important role in the
enhancement of the status of
women in India. He was the real
force behind the passing of
Widow Remarriage Act of 1856.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
Maharshi Karve was another
pioneer in this regard, who
started SNDT Women’s
University in Maharashtra in
1916
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
Leaders like Mahathma Gandhi,
Swami Vivekananda, Swami
Dayananda Saraswati and Annie
Besant were also the ardent
promoters of women education
and enhancement of their social
status.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
Different women organizations of
the time like Bharat mahila Parishad
(1904), Bharat Stri
Mahamandal(1910) Women’s Indian
Association (1917), National Council
of Women in India (1925) and All
India Women’s Conference (1927)
also fought for the development of
women in all the walks of life.
By Hathib k.k.

Policy in India
However, Women folk was still a
marginalized group during the time
when India gained independence .
Later Indian Constitution and
different Governments in different
eras introduced and implemented
different Provisions and Schemes, as
a part of Positive discrimination
Policy in India
By Hathib k.k.

Now, we are going to discuss the provisions and
privileges offered to Women Folk in India by the
Indian Constitution and Governments
By Hathib k.k.

Article 16
Article 16 of constitution of
India ensures equal employment
opportunity to every citizen of
India. As per article 16 there
should not be any
discrimination in respect of
employment opportunity under
the State only on grounds of
religion, race, caste, sex, descent,
and place of birth, residence or
any of them
By Hathib k.k.

Article 39
Article 39:- Article 39 of constitution
of India ensures the benefit of the
directive principles of state policy to
the women.. Article 39(a) of directive
principles of state policy ensures and
directs a state to apply policies which
focus on a men and women have an
equal right of adequate means of
livelihood and article 39(c) ensures
equal pay for equal work for both men
and women.
.
By Hathib k.k.

Article 243
Article 243:- Article 243 of
constitution of India
ensures reservation of seats
in gram panchayat for
women.
By Hathib k.k.

Now, let us look at some Govt.
Schemes introduced and
Implemented for Women
By Hathib k.k.

It was launched in 1988 as a
result of following the
recommendations of the New
Educational Policy of 1986 for
the empowerment of women in
rural areas especially of women
of socially and economically
marginalized sectors of the
society.
Mahila Samakhya Programme(1988)
By Hathib k.k.

 Enhancement self esteem & self confidence in women
 Building positive image of women
 Development of critical thinking in women
 Fostering collective decision making & action among women
 Enabling for accurate choice regarding to education,
employment and health
 Ensuring equal participation in the developmental process
 Providing information, knowledge & skill for economic
independence
 Providing legal literacy on their rights and provisions.
Mahila Samakhya : Objectives
By Hathib k.k.

It was a part of SSA. The main
focus of this scheme was to
provide educational facilities for
girls belonging to Scheduled
Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other
Backward Classes, minority
communities and families below
the poverty line in Educationally
Backward Blocks.
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya of 2004
By Hathib k.k.

This is a conditional cash transfer
scheme for the girl child with
insurance cover which would go a long
way towards ensuring the survival of
the girl child and assuring a better life
for her. The direct and tangible
objective of the scheme is to provide a
set of financial incentives for families to
encourage them to retain a girl child,
educate her and prevent child
marriage.
Dhanalakshmi Scheme (2008)
By Hathib k.k.

Dhanalakshmi Scheme :Conditions
 For all girls born after 19 November 2008
 Girls who are on immunization
 On enrolment in school and retention in school till Standard 8
 An insurance maturity cover will be taken for the girl child
born after 19 November 2008 and if the girl child remains
unmarried till the age of 18 years, she will get Rs. 1 lakh.
 The scheme will apply to all girl children irrespective of their
socio-economic status and the number of girl children in the
family.
By Hathib k.k.

Saakshar Bharat has been
formulated in 2009 with the
objective of achieving 80%
literacy level by 2012 at national
level, by focusing on adult
women literacy seeking – to
reduce the gap between male
and female literacy to not more
than 10 percentage points
By Hathib k.k.

The Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for
Empowerment of Adolescent
Girls (RGSEAG) Sabla is a
centrally sponsored program
of Government of India initiated
on April 1, 2011 under Ministry
of Women and Child
Development.
Rajiv Gandhi
Scheme for
Empowerment of
Adolescent
girls(RGSEAG)
By Hathib k.k.

 Enabling the Adolescent girls for self-development and empowerment
 Improve their nutrition and health status.
 Promote awareness about health, hygiene, nutrition, adolescent reproductive
and sexual health (ARSH) and family and child care.
 Upgrade home-based skills, life skills and integrate with the National Skill
Development Program (NSDP) for vocational skills.
 Provide information/guidance about existing public services such as PHC,
CHC, Post Office, Bank, Police Station, etc.
(RGSEAG): Objectives
By Hathib k.k.

Statistics show that there has
been tremendous improvement
among women folk in India in the
case of education and
employment, though the crime
and harassment against them is
going on increasing day by day
By Hathib k.k.

So let us go through the present
status of women compared to the
past in the coming slides
By Hathib k.k.

Literacy Rate Among Men and
Women from 1951 to 2011
By Hathib k.k.

27.20%
80.90%
8.90%
64.60%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
1951 2011
Men
Women
By Hathib k.k.

What a tremendous
Improvement! Look, there an
increase of about 25% in the
case of women literacy rate,
while it was only about 16%
in the men literacy rate
between 1991 and 2011
By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Enrollment at School
Stage Among male and female from
1951 to 2014 Figures are in Lakhs
By Hathib k.k.

13800000.00
67200000.
5400000.00
62800000.
0.00
10000000.00
20000000.00
30000000.00
40000000.00
50000000.00
60000000.00
70000000.00
80000000.00
1950-51 2013-14
Men
women
Level Wise Enrollment at Primary
Level Among male and female from
1951 to 2014
By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Enrollment at Upper
Primary Level Among male and
female from 1951 to 2014
2600000
33700000.
500000.
32000000.
0.00
5000000.00
10000000.00
15000000.00
20000000.00
25000000.00
30000000.00
35000000.00
40000000.00
1950-51 2013-14
Series 1
Series 2
By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School
Stage Among male and female as the
Census in 2013-14
By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School
Stage Among male and female as the
Census in 2013-14
21.50%
39.20% 48.10%
18.30%
32.90%
46.70%
19.80%
36.30% 47.40%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
1-V 1-V111 1-X
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage
Among male and female of SC
Category as the Census in 2013-14
17.50%
42.40% 51.80%
15.40%
34.40%
48.00%
16.60%
38.80% 50.10%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
1-V 1-V111 1-X
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.

Level Wise Drop-outs at School Stage
Among male and female of ST
Category as the Census in 2013-14
31.90%
49.80%
63.20%
30.70%
46.40%
61.40%
31.30%
48.20% 62.40%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
1-V 1-V111 1-X
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.

So it shows that the percentage of
girls who stops education
uncompleted at any level is lesser
than the number of boys from all
the categories of the society in
India. It is also amazing to see that
the percentage of dropouts among
girls at all levels is lesser than total
percentage dropouts.
By Hathib k.k.

Statistics of Examination Results at
Class X in 2010
By Hathib k.k.

Class X in 2010
73.20%
67.20%
62.40%
77.40%
71.30%
61.50%
75%
69% 62%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
General SC ST
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.

girls who pass the examination at
class X is greater than the number of
boys except in ST category of the
society in India. It is also amazing to
see that the percentage of girl
students who pass class X exam is
greater than the percentage of the
total students who pass class X
examination in India
By Hathib k.k.

Class X11 in 2010
By Hathib k.k.

Class X in 2010
73.20%
67.10%
65.40%
81.50%
75.80%
69.70%
77%
71%
67%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
General SC ST
Boys
Girls
Total
By Hathib k.k.

girls who pass the examination at
class X11 is greater than the number
of boys except in all the categories of
the society in India. It is also amazing
to see that the percentage of girl
students who pass class X11 exam is
greater than the percentage of the
total students who pass class X11
examination in India
By Hathib k.k.

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