Computer Graphics Lab

COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
LAB

NEIL MATHEW – 4CS4 – Y3305 - A2324710002

NEIL MATHEW – 4CS4 – Y3305 - A2324710002

CONTENTS:
Sno: Program Sign
1 WAP using 10 graphics functions.

2 WAP to draw line using DDA Algorithm

3
WAP to draw scenery using 20 graphic
functions.

4 WAP to draw a line using Bresenham's Algo

5 WAP to draw a circle using Bresenham's Algo

6 WAP to draw a circle using Mid-Point Algo

7 WAP to draw an ellipse using Mid-Point Algo

8 WAP to perform Line Clipping

9 WAP to perform scaling of a triangle.

10 WAP to perform translation

11 WAP to perform Scaling w.r.t a Point.

12 WAP to perform rotation w.r.t to a point.

13 WAP to perform reflection w.r.t to a line

14 Project

Q1: Wap using 10 graphics functions.
/*Functions Used:
1 getmaxx()
2 getmaxy()
3 Line()
4 Rectangle()
5 Drawpoly()
6 Circle()
7 Arc()
8 Pieslice()
9 Setcolor()
10 Setbkcolor()
11 Setfillstyle()
*/
#include <graphics.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "C:/TC/BGI/");
setbkcolor(0);
setcolor(8);
//Asteroid Backgroumd
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<getmaxx(); i+=40)
{
for(j=0; j<=getmaxy(); j+=60)
{ circle(i,j,1); }
}

setcolor(15);
//Polygons : Triangles
int points_up[]={getmaxx()*0.90, getmaxy()*0.85-60,
getmaxx()*0.90-20,getmaxy()*0.85-30,
getmaxx()*0.90+20, getmaxy()*0.85-30,
getmaxx()*0.90, getmaxy()*0.85-60
};
int points_down[]={getmaxx()*0.90, getmaxy()*0.85+60,
getmaxx()*0.90-20,getmaxy()*0.85+30,
getmaxx()*0.90+20, getmaxy()*0.85+30,
getmaxx()*0.90, getmaxy()*0.85+60
};
int points_left[]={getmaxx()*0.90-20-10, getmaxy()*0.85+20,
getmaxx()*0.90-20-10,getmaxy()*0.85-20,
getmaxx()*0.90-20-40, getmaxy()*0.85,
getmaxx()*0.90-20-10, getmaxy()*0.85+20
};
int points_right[]={getmaxx()*0.90+20+10, getmaxy()*0.85+20,
getmaxx()*0.90+20+10,getmaxy()*0.85-20,
getmaxx()*0.90+20+40, getmaxy()*0.85,
getmaxx()*0.90+20+10, getmaxy()*0.85+20
};
drawpoly(4,points_up);
drawpoly(4,points_down);
drawpoly(4,points_left);
drawpoly(4,points_right);
//Square
rectangle(getmaxx()*0.90-20, getmaxy()*0.85-20, getmaxx()*0.90+20,
getmaxy()*0.85+20);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL ,6);
setcolor(0);
//Pieslices (Pacmans)
pieslice(getmaxx()*0.25,getmaxy()*0.25, 30, 360-30, 30);
pieslice(getmaxx()*0.09,getmaxy()*0.85, 30, 360-30, 30);
pieslice(getmaxx()-10,getmaxy()*0.35, 30, 360-30, 30);
pieslice(getmaxx()*0.5-20,getmaxy()*0.5+35, 30, 360-30, 30);
setcolor(2);
//Borderline Rectangle
rectangle(0,0,getmaxx(),getmaxy());
//Outer Horizontal Lines
line(0, getmaxy()*0.5,getmaxx()*0.5-40, getmaxy()*0.5);
line(getmaxx()*0.5+40, getmaxy()*0.5, getmaxx(), getmaxy()*0.5 );
//Outer Vertical Lines
line(getmaxx()*0.5,0,getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy()*0.5-40);
line(getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy()*0.5+40,getmaxx()*0.5,getmaxy());
//Arcs
arc(getmaxx()*0.5,getmaxy()*0.5, 180-30, 180+30, 40);
setcolor(4);
//Innermost Circle
circle(getmaxx()*0.5,getmaxy()*0.5,20);
//Inner Plus
line(getmaxx()*0.5-20, getmaxy()*0.5,getmaxx()*0.5+20, getmaxy()*0.5);
line(getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy()*0.5-20,getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy()*0.5+20);
getch();
closegraph();
return 1;
}

Q2: Wap to draw a line using DDA Algorithm.
/* Functions used:
1 putpixel()
2 outtextxy()
3 setbkcolor()
*/
#include <iostream.h> //for cout,cin
#include <graphics.h> //for putpixel()
#include <math.h> //for round()
#include<conio.h> //for getch(),clrscr()
void LINE(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2)
{
int dx,dy;
float step;
float xincrement,yincrement;
float x,y;
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if( abs(dx) > abs(dy) )
step=abs(dx);
else
step=abs(dy);
xincrement=dx/step;
yincrement=dy/step;

x=x1; y=y1;
putpixel(x,y,15);
outtextxy(x-15,y-15,"START");
for(int i=1; i<=step; i++)
{
x+=xincrement;
y+=yincrement;
putpixel(x,y,15);
}
outtextxy(x+10,y+10,"END");
}
int main()
{
clrscr();
int gdriver=DETECT,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C:/TC/BGI");
int x1,y1,x2,y2;
setbkcolor(DARKGRAY);
cout<<" Enter initial x and y coordinate: ";
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"n Enter final x and y coordinate: ";
cin>>x2>>y2;
cout<<"n Press enter to draw line. ";
getch();
LINE(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
closegraph();
return 2;
}

Q3: Wap to draw a scenery using 20 graphics functions.
/* Functions Used:
01 getmaxx()
02 getmaxy()
03 outtextxy()
04 setbkcolor()
05 setcolor()
06 settextstyle()
07 setlinestyle()
08 setfillstyle()
09 floodfill()
10 putpixel
11 line
12 rectangle
13 bar
14 circle
15 sector
16 arc
17 pieslice
18 ellipse
19 fillellipse
20 fillpoly
*/
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "C:/TC/BGI");
setbkcolor(WHITE);
setcolor(WHITE);
//LINE BTW SKY AND GRASS
line(0,getmaxy()*0.75, getmaxx(),getmaxy()*0.75);
//GRASS
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);
floodfill(getmaxx(),getmaxy(),WHITE);

//SKY
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,LIGHTCYAN);
floodfill(0,0,WHITE);
//SUN
setcolor(RED);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELLOW);
floodfill(getmaxx()*0.90,getmaxy()*0.15,RED);
//RAINBOW
for(int i=1, j=0; i<=6, j<=getmaxx()*0.04; i++,j++)
{ //i for colour, j for width of each arc
setcolor(i);
arc(getmaxx()*0.5,getmaxy()*0.75,0,180,getmaxx()*0.40+j);
}
//RAIN
setlinestyle(3,0,2);
setcolor(BLUE);
line(getmaxx()*0.25+60,getmaxy()*0.25,getmaxx()*0.25+60,getmaxy()*0.75);
//CLOUD
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(HATCH_FILL,WHITE);
sector(getmaxx()*0.25,getmaxy()*0.25,0,360,30,30);
sector(getmaxx()*0.25+20,getmaxy()*0.25,0,360,30,30);
sector(getmaxx()*0.25+30,getmaxy()*0.25-30,0,360,30,30);
sector(getmaxx()*0.25+50,getmaxy()*0.25+10,0,360,30,30);
setlinestyle(0,0,1); //rectangles affected by this too.

//TEXT
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
settextstyle(9,HORIZ_DIR,3);
outtextxy(getmaxx()*0.75-30, getmaxy()*0.75+20, "Paradise?");
//POND
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLUE);
pieslice(getmaxx()*0.10,getmaxy()*0.75+1,180,360,getmaxx()*0.10);
//POND > LEAF
setfillstyle(SLASH_FILL,GREEN);
fillellipse(getmaxx()*0.11,getmaxy()*0.75+35,10,5);
//HOUSE > WALL
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BROWN);
bar(getmaxx()*0.5-50, getmaxy()*0.75-1,getmaxx()*0.5+50,
getmaxy()*0.75-100);
//HOUSE > DOOR
rectangle(getmaxx()*0.5-15, getmaxy()*0.75-1,getmaxx()*0.5+15,
getmaxy()*0.75-50);
putpixel(getmaxx()*0.5+10,getmaxy()*0.75-25,15);
//HOUSE > ROOF
int points[]={ getmaxx()*0.5+50, getmaxy()*0.75-100,
getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy()*0.75-150,
getmaxx()*0.5-50, getmaxy()*0.75-100,
getmaxx()*0.5+50, getmaxy()*0.75-100
};
fillpoly(4,points);
//HOUSE > ROOF > WINDOW
setcolor(WHITE);
ellipse(getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy()*0.75-120,0,360, 7,5);
getch();
closegraph();
}

Q4: WAP to draw a line using Bresenham's Algorithm
#include<math.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void LINE(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
{
int x=x1;
int y=y1;
int dx=abs(x2-x1);
int dy=abs(y2-y1);
int Sx=abs(x2-x1)/(x2-x1); //Sign
int Sy=abs(y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
int steps,flag;
//Determining Greater length
if(dy > dx)
{
steps=dy;
flag=1;
//Swapping dx dy
int t=dx;
dx=dy;
dy=t;
}
else
{
steps=dx;
flag=0;
}
//Decision variable
int P=2*dy-dx;
//First Pixel
putpixel(x,y,WHITE);

//Other Pixels:
for(int i=1; i<=steps; i++)
{
while( P > 0 )
{
if(flag==1)
x=x+Sx;
else
y=y+Sy;
P=P-2*dx;
} //END OF WHILE
if(flag==1)
y=y+Sy;
else
x=x+Sx;
P=P+2*dy;
putpixel(x,y,WHITE);
} //END OF FOR
}
void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode;
int x1,x2,y1,y2;
setcolor(WHITE);
cout<<"n Enter the Initial X Y Coordinate: ";
cin>>x1>>y1;
cout<<"n Enter the Final X Y Coordinate: ";
cin>>x2>>y2;
cout<<"n Press Enter to draw line.";
getch();
outtextxy(x1-10,y1-10, "START");
LINE(x1,y1,x2,y2);
outtextxy(x2+10,y2+10, "END");
getch();
closegraph();
}

Q5: WAP to draw a circle using Bresenham’s Algorithm.
#include <graphics.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
void otherSpoints(int x, int y,int xc,int yc)
{
putpixel(-x+xc,y+yc,WHITE);
putpixel(x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE);
putpixel(-x+xc,-y+yc,WHITE);
putpixel(y+xc,x+yc,WHITE);
putpixel(-y+xc,x+yc,WHITE);
putpixel(y+xc,-x+yc,WHITE);
putpixel(-y+xc,-x+yc,WHITE);
}
void CIRCLE(int r)
{
int x,y;
int xc=getmaxx()/2;
int yc=getmaxy()/2;
// Plotting the First Point
x=0;
y=r;
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,WHITE);
// Other Symmetry points:
otherSpoints(x,y,xc,yc);
//Initializing Decision Variable
int d=3-2*r;
//Plotting Other Points of Circle
while(x<y)
{
if(d<0)
{
d=d+4*x+6;
x+=1;
}
else
{
d=d+4*(x-y)+10;
x+=1;
y-=1;
}
putpixel(x+xc,y+yc,WHITE); otherSpoints(x,y,xc,yc);
} //end of while
} //end of function

void main()
{
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode;
setcolor(WHITE);
int r;
cout<<"n Enter the radius: ";
cin>>r;
cout<<"n Press Enter to draw Circle.";
getch();
CIRCLE(r);
getch();
closegraph();
}

Q6: WAP to draw a circle using Mid-Point Algorithm.
#include<conio.h>
void DrawPoints(int x, int y, int xc, int yc)
{
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y, CYAN);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y, CYAN);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y, CYAN);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y, CYAN);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x, CYAN);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x, CYAN);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x, CYAN);
putpixel(xc-y,yc-x, CYAN);
}
void MidPontCircle(int xc, int yc, int r)
{
int x=0;
int y=r;
DrawPoints(x,y,xc,yc);
int P= (int) 5.0/4.0 - r;
while(x < y)
{
if(P < 0)
{
P=P+2*x+3;
DrawPoints(++x, y, xc, yc);
}
else
{
P=P+2*(x-y)+5;
DrawPoints(++x,--y, xc, yc);
}
} }
void main()
{
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C:TCBGI");
int r;
int xc=getmaxx()/2;
int yc=getmaxy()/2;
cout<<"n Enter the radius: ";
cin>>r;
MidPontCircle(xc,yc,r);
getch();
closegraph();
}

Q7: WAP to draw an elipse using Mid-Point Algorithm.
#include<conio.h>
void DrawPoints(int x, int y, int xc, int yc)
{
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y, CYAN);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y, CYAN);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y, CYAN);
putpixel(xc-x,yc-y, CYAN);
}
void Eclipse(int xc, int yc, float a, float b)
{
int x=0;
int y=b;
DrawPoints(x,y,xc,yc);
float P= b*b - a*a*b + 0.25*a*a;
while( 2*b*b*x <= 2*a*a*y )
{
if(P < 0)
{
DrawPoints(++x, y, xc, yc);
P=P+ 2*b*b*x + b*b;
}
else
{
P=P+ 2*b*b*x - 2*a*a*y + b*b;
}
}
float P2= b*b*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5) + a*a*(y-1)*(y-1) - a*a*b*b;
while( y >= 0 ) //x!=a || y!=0 );
{
if(P2 < 0)
{
P2=P2+ 2*b*b*x - 2*a*a*y + a*a;
}
else
{
DrawPoints(x,--y, xc, yc);
P2=P2 - 2*a*a*y + a*a;
}
}
}

void main()
{
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"C:TCBGI");
float a,b;
int xc=getmaxx()/2;
int yc=getmaxy()/2;
cout<<"n Enter Major axis (a) and Minor axis (b) : ";
cin>>a>>b;
Eclipse(xc,yc,a,b);
getch();
closegraph();
}

Q8: WAP to perform line clipping.
#include<conio.h>
int n; //No of Lines
int ClipWindow[2][2]; //Clipping Window Coordinates
/* For 2 vertices A and C, each having x and y coordinates*/
int Line[20][4]; //Line Coordinates
/* The 20 represents total number of lines possible
and the 4 represents the 4 coordinates required to draw ONE line */
void Draw()
{
clrscr();
setbkcolor(BLACK);
setcolor(WHITE);
for(int i=0; i<n; i++)
line(Line[i][0],Line[i][1],Line[i][2],Line[i][3]);
setcolor(CYAN);
rectangle(ClipWindow[0][0],ClipWindow[0][1],ClipWindow[1][0],ClipWindo
w[1][1]);
outtextxy(10,10, "Press any key to continue");
getch(); closegraph();
}
void UnClipped_Input()
{
cout<<"n Enter the number of lines to draw : ";
cin>>n; cout<<endl;
{
cout<<" LINE #"<<(i+1);
cout<<"n Enter the Initial position (x,y) : ";
cin>>Line[i][0];
cin>>Line[i][1];
cout<<" Enter the Final position (x,y) : ";
cin>>Line[i][2];
cin>>Line[i][3];
cout<<"n";
}
cout<<"n >> Enter the coordinates of the Clipping Window:";
cout<<"n >> Vertex A (x,y) : ";
cin>>ClipWindow[0][0];
cout<<" >> Vertex C (x,y) : ";
}

long CheckBit(long x,long y)
{
long b=5; /* The 5 here is any random non zero number.
This ensures 0000 doesn't become 0 */
int Xmax= ClipWindow[0][0] > ClipWindow[1][0] ? ClipWindow[0][0] :
ClipWindow[1][0];
int Xmin= ClipWindow[0][0] < ClipWindow[1][0] ? ClipWindow[0][0] :
ClipWindow[1][0];
int Ymax= ClipWindow[0][1] > ClipWindow[1][1] ? ClipWindow[0][1] :
ClipWindow[1][1];
int Ymin= ClipWindow[0][1] < ClipWindow[1][1] ? ClipWindow[0][1] :
ClipWindow[1][1];
//Case 4:
if(x < Xmin)
b=b*10 + 1;
else
b=b*10 + 0;
//Case 3:
if(x > Xmax)
b=b*10 + 1;
else
b=b*10 + 0;
//Case 2:
if(y < Ymin)
b=b*10 + 1;
else
b=b*10 + 0;
//Case 1:
if(y > Ymax)
b=b*10 + 1;
else
b=b*10 + 0;
return b;
}
long AND(long a, long b)
{
//Using manipulated Palindrome Algo
long c;
int digitA;
int digitB;
int digitC[4];
for(int i=3; i>=0; i--)
{
digitA=a%10;
digitB=b%10;
if( digitA==1 && digitB==1)
digitC[i]=1;
else
digitC[i]=0;
a/=10;
b/=10;
}

c=5;
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
c=(long) c*10+digitC[i];
return c;
} //END of AND function
void Clip()
{
int Xmax= ClipWindow[0][0] > ClipWindow[1][0] ? ClipWindow[0][0] :
ClipWindow[1][0];
int Xmin= ClipWindow[0][0] < ClipWindow[1][0] ? ClipWindow[0][0] :
ClipWindow[1][0];
int Ymax= ClipWindow[0][1] > ClipWindow[1][1] ? ClipWindow[0][1] :
ClipWindow[1][1];
int Ymin= ClipWindow[0][1] < ClipWindow[1][1] ? ClipWindow[0][1] :
ClipWindow[1][1];
long b1, b2, b1ANDb2;
int i,j,k;
int digit_b1, digit_b2;
double Slope;
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{ //FOR EACH LINE:
b1=CheckBit(Line[i][0], Line[i][1]);
b2=CheckBit(Line[i][2], Line[i][3]);
b1ANDb2=AND(b1,b2);
if( b1ANDb2 != 50000 ) //OUTSIDE
{
//Remove OUTSIDE Line Coordinates from Array
for(int k=i; k<n-1; k++)
{
Line[k][0]=Line[k+1][0];
}
n--;
i--;
}
else //INSIDE
{
//Completely Inside
if( b1==50000 && b2==50000 )
{
//No Change to be made to Line Coordinates.
}

//Partially Inside Cases
else if( b1!=50000 || b2!=50000 )
{
if( (Line[i][2] - Line[i][0]) == 0)
Slope= 1.0;
else
Slope= (double) ((Line[i][3]-Line[i][1])/(Line[i][2]-Line[i][0]));
for(j=1; j<=4; j++)
{
digit_b1=b1%10;
digit_b2=b2%10;
switch(j)
{
case 1:
if(digit_b1==1)
{
Line[i][0]= Line[i][0] + ( (Ymax - Line[i][1]) / Slope );
Line[i][1]=Ymax;
}
else if(digit_b2==1)
{
Line[i][2]= Line[i][2] + ( (Ymax - Line[i][3] ) / Slope );
Line[i][3]=Ymax;
}
break;
case 2:
if(digit_b1==1)
{
Line[i][0]= Line[i][0] + ( (Ymin - Line[i][1] ) / Slope );
Line[i][1]=Ymin;
}
{
Line[i][2]= Line[i][2] + ( (Ymin - Line[i][3] ) / Slope );
Line[i][3]=Ymin;
}
break;
case 3:
if(digit_b1==1)
{
Line[i][1]= Line[i][1] + ( ( Xmax - Line[i][0] ) * Slope) ;
Line[i][0]=Xmax;
}
{
Line[i][3]= Line[i][3] + ( (Xmax - Line[i][2] ) * Slope) ;
Line[i][2]=Xmax;
}
break;

case 4:
if(digit_b1==1)
{
Line[i][1]= Line[i][1] + ( (Xmin - Line[i][0] ) * Slope) ;
Line[i][0]=Xmin;
}
{
Line[i][3]= Line[i][3] + ( (Xmin - Line[i][2] ) * Slope) ;
Line[i][2]=Xmin;
}
break;
} //End of Case
b1/=10;
b2/=10;
} //End of inner For Loop
b1=CheckBit(Line[i][0],Line[i][1]);
b2=CheckBit(Line[i][2],Line[i][3]);
b1ANDb2=AND(b1,b2);
if( b1!=50000 || b2!=50000 )
{ i--; continue; }
} //End of Inner If-Else-if
} //End of Outer If-Else-if
} //End of Outer For Loop
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
UnClipped_Input();
Draw();
Clip();
Draw();
}

Q9: WAP to perform scaling of a Triangle.
#include<conio.h>
int n=4; //Variables for drawpoly() function
int p[8];
int d[8];
int Sx,Sy; //Scaling factors.
void Input()
{
cout<<"n Enter the scaling factor of x:";
cin>>Sx;
cout<<" Enter the scaling factor of y:";
cin>>Sy;
cout<<"n Using default triangle values n | A(0,-20), B(20,-20),
C(20, 20) |";
cout<<"nn Click to Continue... ";
getch();
cleardevice();
p[0]=0;
p[1]=-30;
p[2]=-30;
p[3]=+30;
p[4]=+30;
p[5]=+30;
p[6]=0;
p[7]=-30;
}
void Draw(int Xmid, int Ymid)
{
for(int i=0; i<8; i++)
{
if( i%2==0 )
d[i]=Xmid+p[i];
else
d[i]=Ymid+p[i];
}
drawpoly(n,d);
getch();
}

void Scale()
{
int i,j,k;
// Matrix with Triangle Coordinates
int xy1[3][3] = { p[0], p[1], 1,
p[2], p[3], 1,
p[4], p[5], 1,
};
// Matrix with Scaling Factors
int SI[3][3] = { Sx, 0, 0,
0, Sy, 0,
0, 0, 1
};
// Matrix with Coordinates after Scaling.
int XY1[3][3];
//Matrix multiplication: xy1 x SI = XY1
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<3; j++)
{
XY1[i][j]=0;
for(k=0; k<3; k++)
{
XY1[i][j]+=xy1[i][k]*SI[k][j];
} } }
// Converting Final Matrix into Single Array
k=0;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<2; j++) // Till 2 because '1' not needed.
{
p[k++]=XY1[i][j];
}
}
p[k++]=XY1[0][0];
p[k]=XY1[0][1];
}
void main()
{
Input();
setcolor(CYAN);
outtextxy(10,getmaxy()*0.25," BEFORE SCALING: ");
Draw(getmaxx()*0.25,getmaxy()*0.5 );
Scale();
setcolor(GREEN);
outtextxy(getmaxx()*0.5,getmaxy()*0.25," AFTER SCALING: ");
Draw(getmaxx()*0.75, getmaxy()*0.5);
closegraph();
}

Q10: WAP to perform translation of a Triangle.
#include<conio.h>
int n;
int P[3][10]; //3 x n MATRIX
int P2[3][10]; //3 x n MATRIX
int T[3][3]; //3 x 3 MATRIX
int tx,ty;
void INPUT()
{
cout<<"n For Polygon where No of edges (>3) = ";
cin>>n;
cout<<"n Enter the coordinates of "<<n<<" sided Polygon: n";
{
cout<<" "<<i+1<<" Point (x,y) : ";
cin>>P[0][i]>>P[1][i];
P[2][i]=1;
}
cout<<"n Enter the Translation Factors:";
cout<<"n for X axis: "; cin>>tx;
cout<<" for Y axis: "; cin>>ty;
}
void Translate()
{
//Transaction Matrix: //1st - making the identity Matrix
{
for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
{
if(i==j) //DIAGONAL
T[i][j] = 1;
else
T[i][j] = 0;
}
} //2nd - making changes
T[0][2] = tx;
T[1][2] = ty;
// Matrix Multiplication
// T(3x3) x P(3xN)
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<n; j++)
{
P2[i][j]=0;
for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
{
P2[i][j]+=T[i][k]*P[k][j];
}
}
}
}

void Display_Matrix(int p[3][10])
{
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<p[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
}
void DRAW(int p[3][10])
{
for(int i=0; i<n-1; i++)
{
line(p[0][i], p[1][i], p[0][i+1], p[1][i+1]);
}
line(p[0][n-1], p[1][n-1], p[0][0], p[1][0]);
}
void main()
{
INPUT();
Display_Matrix(P);
cout<<endl;
Translate();
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<T[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
cout<<endl;
Display_Matrix(P2);
cout<<"nn Press Enter to see Graphically? ";
getch();
setcolor(CYAN);
DRAW(P);
setcolor(GREEN);
DRAW(P2);
getch();
closegraph();
}

Q11: WAP to perform scaling of a Triangle w.r.t a point.
#include<conio.h>
int n;
int P[3][10]; int P2[3][10]; int S[3][3];
int Sx,Sy,h,k;
void INPUT()
{
int ch;
cin>>n;
{
cout<<" "<<i+1<<" Point (x,y) : ";
cin>>P[0][i]>>P[1][i];
P[2][i]=1;
}
cout<<"n Enter the Scaling Factors:";
cout<<"n for X axis: "; cin>>Sx;
cout<<" for Y axis: "; cin>>Sy;
cout<<"n Scaling W.R.T which point (1/2/3...) : ";
cin>>ch;
h=P[0][ch-1];
k=P[1][ch-1];
}
void Display_Matrix(int p[3][10])
{
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<p[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
}
void DRAW(int p[3][10])
{
{
line(p[0][i], p[1][i], p[0][i+1], p[1][i+1]);
}
line(p[0][n-1], p[1][n-1], p[0][0], p[1][0]);
}

void ScalingPoint()
{
//Scaling Matrix:
//1st - making the identity Matrix
{
{
if(i==j) //DIAGONAL
S[i][j] = 1;
else
S[i][j] = 0;
}
}//2nd - making changes
S[0][0] = Sx;
S[1][1] = Sy;
S[0][2] = -(h*Sx)+h;
S[1][2] = -(k*Sy)+k;
// Matrix Multiplication S(3x3) x P(3xN)
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
{
P2[i][j]=0;
{
P2[i][j]+=S[i][k]*P[k][j];
}
} } }
void main()
{
INPUT(); Display_Matrix(P);
cout<<endl;
ScalingPoint();
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<S[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
cout<<endl;
Display_Matrix(P2);
getch();
setcolor(CYAN);
DRAW(P);
setcolor(GREEN);
DRAW(P2);
getch();
closegraph();
}

Q12: WAP to perform rotation of a Triangle
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int n; int h,k;
double P[3][10]; double P2[3][10]; double S[3][3]; double angle;
double deg2rad(double deg)
{
double rad= (180.0/(22.0/7.0))*deg;
return rad;
}
void INPUT()
{
int ch;
cin>>n;
{
cout<<" "<<i+1<<" Point (x,y) : ";
cin>>P[0][i]>>P[1][i];
P[2][i]=1;
}
cout<<"n Enter the Angle: "; cin>>angle;
cout<<"n Scaling W.R.T which point (1/2/3...) : ";
cin>>ch;
if(ch!=0)
{
h=P[0][ch-1];
k=P[1][ch-1];
}
}
void Display_Matrix(double p[3][10])
{
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<p[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
}

void ROTATEpoint()
{
double x=angle;
// S[3][3] : Scaling MATRIX
// P[3][n] : 3 x n MATRIX
// P2[3][n] : Final MATRIX
//ROTATE Matrix:
{
{
if(i==j) //DIAGONAL
S[i][j] = 1;
else
S[i][j] = 0;
}
}
//2nd - making changes
S[0][0] = cos ( deg2rad(x) );
S[0][1] = - sin( deg2rad(x) );
S[1][0] = sin ( deg2rad(x) );
S[1][1] = cos ( deg2rad(x) );
S[0][2] = -h*cos(deg2rad(x)) + k*sin ( deg2rad(x) ) + h;
S[1][2] = -h*sin(deg2rad(x)) - k*cos ( deg2rad(x) ) + k;
// S(3x3) x P(3xN)
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
{
P2[i][j]=0;
{
P2[i][j]+=S[i][k]*P[k][j];
}}}
}
void DRAW(double p[3][10])
{
{
line(getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][i], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][i],
getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][i+1], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][i+1]);
}
line(getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][n-1], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][n-1],
getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][0], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][0]);
}

void main()
{
INPUT();
Display_Matrix(P);
cout<<endl;
ROTATEpoint();
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<S[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
cout<<endl;
Display_Matrix(P2);
getch();
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
//X AXIS
line(getmaxx()*0.5, 0, getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy());
//Y AXIS
line(0, getmaxy()*0.5, getmaxx(), getmaxy()*0.5);
setcolor(CYAN);
DRAW(P);
setcolor(GREEN);
DRAW(P2);
getch();
closegraph();
}

(without fixed point)
(with fixed point)
PROGRAM 12

Q13: WAP to perform reflection of a Triangle about a line
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int n;
double P[3][10];
double P2[3][10];
double S[3][3];
float m; int b;
void INPUT()
{
int ch;
cout<<"n For Polygon where No of edges (>=3) = ";
cin>>n;
{
cout<<" "<<i+1<<" Point (x,y) : ";
cin>>P[0][i]>>P[1][i];
P[2][i]=1;
}
cout<<"n Enter the equation of line ( Y = m X + b) : ";
char ch1;
cin>>ch1; cin>>ch1; cin>>m; cin>>ch1; cin>>ch1; cin>>b;
}
void Display_Matrix(double p[3][10])
{
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<p[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
}
void DRAW(double p[3][10])
{
{
line(getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][i], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][i],
getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][i+1], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][i+1]);
}
line(getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][n-1], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][n-1],
getmaxx()*0.5+p[0][0], getmaxy()*0.5+p[1][0]);
}

void ReflectPoint()
{
// S[3][3] : Reflect Transform MATRIX
// P[3][n] : 3 x n MATRIX
// P2[3][n] : Final MATRIX
//Reflect Transform Matrix:
{
{
if(i==j) //DIAGONAL
S[i][j] = 1;
else
S[i][j] = 0;
}
}
//2nd - making changes
S[0][0] = (1-m*m) / (m*m+1) ;
S[0][1] = (2*m) / (m*m+1) ;
S[0][2] = (-2*m*b) / (m*m+1) ;
S[1][0] = (2*m) / (m*m+1) ;
S[1][1] = (m*m-1) / (m*m+1) ;
S[1][2] = (2*b) / (m*m+1);
// S(3x3) x P(3xN)
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
{
P2[i][j]=0;
{
P2[i][j]+=S[i][k]*P[k][j];
}
}
}
}

void main()
{
INPUT();
Display_Matrix(P);
cout<<endl;
ReflectPoint();
{
cout<<"n |";
cout<<" "<<S[i][j];
cout<<" |";
}
cout<<endl;
Display_Matrix(P2);
getch();
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
//X AXIS
line(getmaxx()*0.5, 0, getmaxx()*0.5, getmaxy());
//Y AXIS
line(0, getmaxy()*0.5, getmaxx(), getmaxy()*0.5);
setcolor(CYAN);
DRAW(P);
setcolor(GREEN);
DRAW(P2);
getch();
closegraph();
}

PROJECT:
TOWN IRRIGATOR (GAME)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define UP 72
#define DOWN 80
#define LEFT 75
#define RIGHT 77
#define ESC 27;
///////////GLOBAL VARIABLES////////////
int c,x,y,Xmin,Xmax,Ymin,Ymax;
char ch;
int speed;
int size;
int healthX;
int FLAG_Ob;
int FLAG_ChkPnts[6];
int FLAG_ChkPntsALL;
int COUNT_ChkPnts;
void checkCheckPoint(int, int , int);
void map()
{
//CHECKPOINTS
checkCheckPoint(280,100,0);
setcolor(WHITE);
}

///////////CHECK POINT FUNCTION////////////
void checkCheckPoint(int X, int Y, int count)
{
int flag=0,i;
if( ( x > X-5 && x < X+5 ) && ( y > Y-5 && y < Y+5 ) )
{
FLAG_ChkPnts[count] = 1;
setcolor(LIGHTGRAY);
outtextxy(410,25," TOWN IRRIGATED!");
}
if( FLAG_ChkPnts[count] == 0 )
{
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);
circle(X,Y,6);
floodfill(X,Y,WHITE);
}
else
{
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLUE);
circle(X,Y,6);
floodfill(X,Y,WHITE);
}
for(i=0; i<COUNT_ChkPnts; i++)
{
if( FLAG_ChkPnts[i] !=1 )
{ flag=0; break; }
flag=1;
}
if(flag==1)
{
//CLEARING MESSAGE BOX
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,BLACK);
setcolor(GREEN);
outtextxy(430,25, "ALL TOWNS IRRIGATED!");
FLAG_ChkPntsALL=1;
}
}

//////////OBSTACLE FUNCTION////////////
void checkObstacle(int OXmin, int OYmin, int OXmax, int OYmax)
{
int OLDx=x;
int OLDy=y;
setcolor(WHITE);
rectangle(OXmin,OYmin,OXmax,OYmax);
OXmin-=size;
OYmin-=size;
OXmax+=size;
OYmax+=size;
if( (x>OXmin && x<OXmax) && (y>OYmin && y<OYmax) ) {
if( ch==RIGHT )
{ x-=speed; }
else if(ch==LEFT)
{ x+=speed; }
if( ch==UP )
{ y+=speed; }
else if(ch==DOWN)
{ y-=speed; }
if( OLDx == x || OLDy == y )
{
c++;
if(c!=5 && FLAG_ChkPntsALL!=1)
{
outtextxy(410,25," YOU HIT ROUGH LAND!"); }}}
if(FLAG_ChkPntsALL!=1)
{
setcolor(RED);
if(c==1)
outtextxy( 570 ,25,"X");
else if(c==2)
if(c==2)
outtextxy( 570 ,25,"XX");
if(c==3)
outtextxy( 570 ,25,"XXX");
if(c==4)
outtextxy( 570 ,25,"XXXX");
if(c==5)
{
setcolor(RED);
outtextxy(410,25,"YOU LOSE BAD!");
outtextxy( 570 ,25,"XXXXX");
FLAG_Ob=1;
sleep(1); } }}

///////////////MAIN FUNCTION//////////////
void main()
{
int i;
char name;
int flag_CHEAT;
int OXmin,OXmax,OYmin,OYmax;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
FLAG_Ob=0;
COUNT_ChkPnts=6;
speed=9; size=5;
c=0; flag_CHEAT=0;
Xmin=30;
Xmax=490;
Ymin=50;
Ymax=430;
x=Xmin+speed;
y=Ymax-speed;
for(i=0; i<COUNT_ChkPnts; i++)
FLAG_ChkPnts[i]=0;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:/TC/BGI");
/////////////////LOADER SCREEN////////////////
rectangle(50,90,600,300);
outtextxy((getmaxx()*0.5)-100, (getmaxy()*0.5)-130,
"**** TOWN IRRIGATOR ****");
"The Towns in the district have been hit by a severe drought.");
"Due to the scarcity of Water, the population is suffering ! ");
"You can be a HERO, by supplying water to these towns.");
"Irrigate the towns and reach the finish without");
"colliding with the obstacles.");
outtextxy((getmaxx()*0.5)-100, (getmaxy()*0.5)+30,
"Press Any Key when ready...");
getch();
"Loading Map... :)");
sleep(1);
"Building Towns... :)");
sleep(1);
"Cleaning up the Mess... :P");
sleep(1);
delay(10);

///////////////STATIC IMAGE DRAW////////////////
cleardevice();
//HEADING:
setcolor(WHITE);
outtextxy(210,15,"TOWN IRRIGATOR");
outtextxy(220,30,"Version 5.0");
//MESSAGE BOX:
setcolor(WHITE);
rectangle(400, 15, 620, 35);
//GAME BOUNDARY
setcolor(WHITE);
rectangle(Xmin-size,Ymin-size,Xmax+size,Ymax+size);
//COLORING INSIDE BOUNDARY
setfillstyle(XHATCH_FILL,GREEN);
floodfill(Xmin,Ymin,WHITE);
//NINJA HEAD
circle(560,290,18);//x,y,z
ellipse(560,290,0,360,18,7);//x,y,0,360,z,z-10
//NINJA EYES
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, BLACK);
floodfill(548,287,LIGHTGRAY);
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
outtextxy(548,287,"V V");//NINJA FACE
//INSTRUCTIONS
setcolor(WHITE);
rectangle(500,45,630,340);
outtextxy(504,50,"*INSTRUCTIONS*");
outtextxy(504,62,"===============");
outtextxy(504,80,"Use Arrow keys");
outtextxy(504,90,"to move the");
outtextxy(504,100,"object.");
outtextxy(504,120,"Avoid obstacles");
outtextxy(504,130,"Pass all the");
outtextxy(504,140,"towns &");
outtextxy(504,150,"reach the");
outtextxy(504,160,"finish.");
outtextxy(504,180,"You can hit an");
outtextxy(504,190,"obstacle 5");
outtextxy(504,200,"times.");
outtextxy(524,240,"GO AHEAD !");
rectangle(500,350,630,435);
outtextxy(520,360,"** TEAM **");
outtextxy(520,380,"Atul");
outtextxy(520,390,"Harshveer");
outtextxy(520,400,"Neil");
outtextxy(520,410,"Sidharth");

map();
setcolor(WHITE);
checkObstacle(70,70,100,120);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,LIGHTGREEN);
checkObstacle(140,200,180,Ymax); floodfill(141,201,WHITE);
checkObstacle(300,45,330,410); floodfill(301,46,WHITE);
//STARTING PUDDLE OF WATER
setcolor(CYAN);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,CYAN);
bar(Xmin-size+1,Ymax+size-1, Xmin+20, Ymax-20);
//ENDING PUDDLE OF WATER
setcolor(CYAN);
bar(Xmax+size-1,Ymin-size+1, Xmax-20, Ymin+20);
///////////////DYNAMIC IMAGE DRAW////////////////
do
{
//GAME BOUNDARY (AGAIN)
setcolor(WHITE);
rectangle(Xmin-size,Ymin-size,Xmax+size,Ymax+size);
ch=getch();
setcolor(CYAN);
circle(x,y,size);
floodfill(x,y,CYAN);

switch(ch)
{
case '~':
flag_CHEAT=1;
FLAG_ChkPntsALL=1;
break;
case RIGHT:
x=x+speed;
//NINJA EYES
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
break;
case LEFT:
x=x-speed;
//NINJA EYES
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
break;
case UP:
y=y-speed;
//NINJA EYES
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
break;
case DOWN:
y=y+speed;
//NINJA EYES
setcolor(DARKGRAY);
break;
}
if(x < Xmin )
x+=speed;
else if(x > Xmax )
x-=speed;
if(y < Ymin )
y+=speed;
else if(y > Ymax )
y-=speed;

setcolor(WHITE);
rectangle(400, 15, 620, 35);
if(flag_CHEAT==1){
setcolor(RED);
outtextxy(538,25,")GOD MODE(");
}
map();
setcolor(WHITE);
if( flag_CHEAT != 1 )
{
checkObstacle(70,70,100,120);
checkObstacle(140,200,180,Ymax); //Small one above the one on the top - (3)
checkObstacle(300,45,330,410); //longest vertical rectangle - (4)
checkObstacle(200,350,280,380); //rectangle between 2 and 4 - (5)
checkObstacle(200,100,250,150); //rectangle on top left of 4 - (6)
checkObstacle(360,380,390,434); //Bottom right of the longest rectangle 4 - (7)
checkObstacle(420,350,489,380); //Corner most Bottom Right horizontal - (8)
checkObstacle(380,300,420,330); //rectangle above 7 -(9)
checkObstacle(330,200,450,230); //rectangle attached to longest one right -(10)
checkObstacle(420,45,450,170); //vertical right near exit - (11)
checkObstacle(350,100,420,130); //rectangle b/w two vertical rectangles - (12)
}
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,YELLOW);
setcolor(YELLOW);
circle(x,y,size);
floodfill(x,y,YELLOW);
setcolor(BLUE);
outtextxy(x-3,y-3,"X");
//END CHECK:
if( ( x > Xmax-20 && x < Xmax+20 ) && ( y > Ymin-20 && y < Ymin+20 ) )
{
if(FLAG_ChkPntsALL==1)
{
setcolor(GREEN);
outtextxy(410,25," YOU WIN !! :) ");
sleep(2);
break;
}
else {
outtextxy(410,25," TOWNS LEFT !! :S ");
} } }
while(ch!=27 && FLAG_Ob != 1);
getch();
cleardevice();
closegraph();
}

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