The Science of Farm Emissions

The Science of Farm Emissions Methane & Nitrous Oxide Richard Eckard Associate Professor, The University of Melbourne & Department of Primary Industries

Sectoral Greenhouse Gas Emissions Australia 2006 DCC 2008

Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2006 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],DCC 2008 Methane Nitrous oxide

Methane and Nitrous Oxide sources

Typical Farm Emissions Dairy 3 - 7 t CO2e/cow 4 – 45 t CO2e/ha Beef 2 t CO2e/steer 2 – 3 t CO2e/ha Grains 0.2 - 1 t CO2e/ha

Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Enteric Methane Emissions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Eckard 2006 Animal Class Methane (kg/year) Equivalent grazing days of energy lost per animal Potential km driven in 6-cylinder LPG car Mature ewe 10 to 13 41 to 53 90 to 116 Beef steer 50 to 90 32 to 57 450 to 800 Dairy cow 90 to 146 24 to 38 800 to 1350

Methane Measurement Methane from Individual animals in the field using SF 6 Tracer Permeation tubes Evacuated Yolk Grainger et al. 2007

Methane Measurement Precise Methane from Individual Animals - Chambers/Calorimeters Grainger et al. 2007

Wind Reflector Reflector Laser Methane Measurement Methane from herds in the field - Open Path Laser & FTIR Griffiths et al. 2007

Methane Abatement Options Animal Management ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Grainger et al. 2008 Wilson & Edwards 2008

Methane Abatement Options Animal Breeding ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Clark et al. 2005; Grainger et al. 2008; Hegarty et al. 2007; Waghorn et al 2006

Methane Abatement Options Dietary Supplements ,[object Object],Beauchemin et al. 2007 Grainger et al. 2007 1% added fat = 6% less methane

Methane Abatement Options Dietary Supplements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Waghorn et al 2006 Grainger et al. 2008

Methane Abatement Options Dietary Supplements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Methane Abatement Options Longer-Term Options (5 – 20 yrs) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Nitrous Oxide ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

N 2 O Measurement Automatic Chambers & Micromet Systems Automatic Chambers Micromet system

Temporal Variability in Daily N 2 O Irrigated dairy pastures Phillips et al. 2006

Rate of N on N 2 O Emissions Irrigated Cotton Grace et al. 2007

Season and N Source on N 2 O Emissions Dryland Pastures Eckard et al. 2002

Nitrification Inhibitors on N 2 O Emissions Pastures ,[object Object],[object Object],Kelly et al;. 2008

Land Conversion impacts on N 2 O Emissions Wheat/Sheep Rotations, Hamilton ,[object Object],[object Object],Kelly & Graham 2008 Year 1 Year 2

Refining N 2 O Emission Factors Low Rainfall Cropping Cunderdin Rutherglen Horsham EF (% of N) 0.02 % <0.01 % 0.14 % Annual Loss (kg N 2 O-N/ha) 0.09 - 0.11 0.17 – 0.24 0.42 – 0.5 Barton et al. 2007 Barker-Reid et al. 2007 Officer et al. 2008

Managing Nitrous Oxide from Nitrogen ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Key Challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Key Challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

In Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Whole Farm Systems Analysis Needed ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Science of Farm Emissions

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The Science of Farm Emissions