2. Intellectual Property
• In general terms, takes many forms
encompassing anything emanating from the
working of the human brain: ideas, concepts,
invention, stories, songs…..
• A need to distinguish, however, between
intellectual property (IP) and intellectual
property rights (IPR)
3. IP vs IPR
• A basic distinction has to be drawn between
intellectual property, which covers a vast
range of material, and
intellectual property rights, which delimits
the subject to encompass those aspects of the
topic which receive a measure of legal
protection
4. Forms of IPR
• Copyright (our focus)
• Patents
• Trademarks
10. From Copyright to Copyleft
CopyleftCopyleft is a play on the word copyright andis a play on the word copyright and
describes the practice of using copyright lawdescribes the practice of using copyright law
to remove restrictions on distributing copiesto remove restrictions on distributing copies
and modified versions of a work for othersand modified versions of a work for others
and requiring that the same freedoms beand requiring that the same freedoms be
preserved in modified versions.preserved in modified versions.
Source:Wikipedia@www.wikipedia.org
11. Source:Wikipedia@www.wikipedia.org
A form of licensing and may be used to modify copyrights for
works such as computer software, documents, music, and
art.
Through a copyleft licensing scheme, give every person who
receives a copy of a work permission to reproduce, adapt or
distribute the work ………………….
………………………………as long as any resulting copiesas long as any resulting copies
or adaptations are also bound by theor adaptations are also bound by the
same copyleft licensing schemesame copyleft licensing scheme
12. The four fundamentals freedom granted by
copyleft are:
• Freedom to use and study the work,
• Freedom to copy and share the work
with others,
• Freedom to modify the work,
• Freedom to distribute modified and
therefore derivative works.
13. Attribution (by): Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform the work and
make derivative works based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits
in the manner specified by these.
Noncommercial or NonCommercial (nc): Licensees may copy, distribute, display,
and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for
noncommercial purposes.
No Derivative Works or NoDerivs (nd): Licensees may copy, distribute, display and
perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works based on it.
ShareAlike (sa): Licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license
identical to the license that governs the original work.
Copyleft does not necessarily therefore mean FREE content
14. Open Education Resources
An Internet empowered worldwide community effort to create anAn Internet empowered worldwide community effort to create an
education commons.education commons.
The term was first adopted atThe term was first adopted at UNESCO's 2002UNESCO's 2002
Forum on the Impact of Open Courseware forForum on the Impact of Open Courseware for
Higher Education in Developing CountriesHigher Education in Developing Countries
funded by thefunded by the William and Flora HewlettWilliam and Flora Hewlett
Educational materials and resources offered freely and openly for anyone toEducational materials and resources offered freely and openly for anyone to
use and under some licenses to re-mix, improve and redistribute.use and under some licenses to re-mix, improve and redistribute.
Source: Wikipedia
Open Education Resources
15. • OERs can be said to building blocks of Open
Education – The logo metaphor as originally
used to describe learning objects
Open Education and OERs
Open education is aOpen education is a
collective term thatcollective term that
refers to forms ofrefers to forms of
education in whicheducation in which
knowledge, ideas orknowledge, ideas or
important aspects ofimportant aspects of
teaching methodologyteaching methodology
or infrastructure areor infrastructure are
shared freely over theshared freely over the
internet.internet.
18. Copyright & Educational Context
• Fair Use Concept – concerned with quotations
and reproduction to a ‘fair’ extent of
copyrighted material
• To some extent reprographic production
But reference is mainly made for the face-to-
face teaching and ‘non-commercial’ gain –
unless the legislation makes otherwise provisos
19. Copyright & Educational Context
• Fair Use Concept – concerned with quotations
and reproduction to a ‘fair’ extent of
copyrighted material
• To some extent reprographic production
But reference is mainly made for the face-to-
face teaching and ‘non-commercial’ gain –
unless the legislation makes otherwise provisos
20. Copyright and Distance Education
• Distance Education : Print-based, web-based
learning, e-learning etc etc
• Not only about filling forms or getting
permissions
• Intellectual Property of academics, course
writers take another dimension
21. Copyright and Distance Education
A real need to establish relevant procedures and
policies – an integration of resources, systems,
contracts (including employment) procedures
and information across departments
Source: Commonwealth of Learning Knowledge Series
22. Impact of Technology
• Enables easy distribution of DE materials but
can also become a hindrance and much
more…….
• Work can be easily copied and modified, and
some authors/copyright holders may be
reticent
• Some academics might be reticent for their
course materials to go public access because
they might have used other’s materials in
significant amount
23. Is CC a viable alternative?
• Not necessarily
• CC licences can have a number of different
combinations around 14 in all
• Mixing and matching content may result in an
‘incoherent’ final product violating the CC
fundamental governing criteria
26. The Key
The need for a formal institutional policy for distance
and online learning encompassing issues related to:
– Contracts (economic and moral rights/copyright
ownership)
– Course Components Acquisition (licences,
copyright clearances etc)
– Inhouse materials development processes
– Procurement and Commercial use of Materials
– Strategies related to various forms of
copyright/creative commons
