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PM DR ABDUL RASID ABDUL
RAZZAQ/DR BADARUDIN
FPTV, UTHM
PENGENALAN KEPADA
PENYELIDIKAN
Kajian?
• Research is not just information gathering.
• Research is not rearranging facts.
• True research is a quest driven by a specific
question which needs an answer
• Research originates with a question or a
problem.
• Research requires a clear articulation of a
goal.
PENYELIDIKAN?
• …the aim is to make known something
previously unknown to human beings. It is to
advance human knowledge, to make it more
certain or better fitting…the aim is.. discovery
(Elias, 1986).
Research Spiral (Lingkaran Kajian)
TYPES OF RESEARCH
1 Descriptive Research Finding out, describing what is
-eg: market profile study, tourist satisfaction
2 Explanatory Research Explaining how or why things are as they are
(and using this to predict)
-causality
3 Evaluating Research Evaluation of policies and program
WHY STUDY RESEARCH?
• Understand research report, etc
• Academic research projects
• Management tool in:
– Policy making
– Planning
– managing
WHO DOES RESEARCH?
• Academics
• Students
• Government and Commercial Organisations
• Consultants
• Managers
RESEARCH PARADIGM
RP
Positivism Fenomenologikal
Pendekatan
Kuantitatif
Pendekatan
Kualitatif
• Sosial sains ada dua falsafah utama
1. Positivisme-siasat fakta & sebab fenomena
sosial secara objektif
2. Fenomenologikal/Interpretivisme-fahami
fenomena sosial dari pandangan subjek,
bagaimana manusia melihat dan memberi
makna pada sesuatu
3. Pragmatik-1990 (complement)
Cont’
Definisi Kajian Kualitatif
• “ Qualitative research is an inquiry process of
understanding based on distinct
methodological traditions of inquiry that
explore a social or human problem. The
researcher builds a complex, holistic picture,
analyzes words, reports detailed views of
informants, and conducts the study in a
natural setting” (Creswell, 1998).
Fahami Konsep Kajian Kualitatif
• Bagaimana manusia memberi makna, fahami dari
perspektif subjek dan bukan penyelidik
• Pentingnya kajian dalam latar yang sebenar dan
semulajadi
• Fahami dari segi pendapat, pengalaman dan perasaan
subjek
• Pendekatan induktif dalam mengumpul dan analisis
data
• Rekabentuk kajian berkembang (emergent design)
• Laporan kajian adalah berbentuk deskriptif, gunakan
bahasa ekspresif dan memaparkan suara subjek dalam
bentuk teks
Quali vs Quant
DEDUCTIVE & INDUCTIVE REASONING
Elements of the Research Process
Deductive thinking (Quantitative)
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
CONFIRMATION
Elements of the Research Process (Cont.)
Inductive thinking (Qualitative)
OBSERVATION
PATTERNS
HYPOTHESIS
THEORY
When should I use qualitative methods?
•When variables cannot be quantified
•When variables are best understood in their natural
settings
•When variables are studied over real time
•When studying intimate details of roles, processes,
and groups
•When the paramount objective is “understanding”
Qualitative Methods
Aspek
Perbandingan
P.Kualitatif P. Kuantitatif
Fokus kajian Kualiti (bentuk, intipati kandungan) Kuantiti (berapa banyak)
Asas Falsafah Fenomenologi Positivisme
Frasa Berkaitan Kajian lapangan, ethnografi,
naturalistik, grounded study, case
study
Eksperimental, statistik
Matlamat Pemahaman, deskripsi,
penerokaan, makna
Ramalan, deskripsi,
pengesahan, ujian hipotesis
Ciri Reka bentuk Fleksibel, berkembang Berstruktur, ditetapkan lebih
awal
Sampel Kecil, bukan rawak, bertujuan Besar, rawak
Pengumpulan data Penyelidik instrumen utama, temu
bual, pemerhatian, dokumen
Skala, ujian, soal selidik,
tinjauan
Mod analisis Induktif (oleh penyelidik) Deduktif (statistik)
Dapatan Komprehensif, holistik, deskriptif Tetap, numerikal
Ciri-Ciri Penyelidikan Kualitatif vs Kuantitatif
Prosedur Pengumpulan Data/Sumber
Kaedah Temu bual
• Structured Interview
• Semi Structured Interview
• Unstructured Interview
Prosedur Pemerhatian (Observation)
Triangulasi (Validiti)
• Dalaman –Peserta Kajian
• Metod
• Sumber
• Pakar Luar
1. Read Data, develop ideas and
feelings
2. Code Data, tag items with same
meaning using a unique code
3. Search and extract instances of codes
4. Identify patterns among codes
(pattern coding)
5. Create figures, tables, or descriptions
of patterns
ANALYSIS
THEMES
Analysis
• Process of Qualitative Analysis:
– Data Reduction
– Data Display
– Conclusion Drawing and Verification
Coding
Source: http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/phpechopage_titleOnlineQDA-Examples_QDA.php
An example of
“old school”
coding
Pengumpulan Data
(Nota lapangan, transkrip, lain-lain)
Persediaan Data untuk Analisis
(Transkrip atau nota lapangan)
Membaca/Membiasakan Dengan Data
(Dapatkan kefahaman umum)
Mengkodkan Data
(Membahagikan segmen-segmen teks dan
melabelkan kod-kod yang berkaitan)
Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan penerangan
dalam penulisan laporan
Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan tema yang
digunakan dalam penulisan laporan
Simultaneous
Iterative
Initial Read through Text
Data
Divide Text Into
Segments
Label the Segments with
Codes
Reduce overlap
And redundancy of
codes
Collapse Codes
Into themes
Many ages of text Many segments of text 30-40 codes
Codes reduced to 20 Codes reduced to 5-7
themes
Model Visual Proses Pengkodan Data Kualitatif
Sumber: Adaptasi daripada Creswell, 2012
1. Pendahuluan
Kenapa, mengapa
menjalankan kajian
1. Pengenalan
2. Latar belakang Masalah
3. Pernyataan Masalah
4. Tujuan/ Objektif
5. Persoalan Kajian
6. Kepentingan kajian
7. Kekangan
8. Konsep
1. Pengenalan pd isu
2. Masalah ingin dikaji
secara khusus
3. Apakah masalah yg ingin
dikaji
4. Apa tujaun
5. Apa yang nak dicapai
6. Penting pada..
7. Adakah semua aspek
boleh dikaji
8. Konsep yg perlu diberi
penjelasan
2 Sorotan Penulisan 1. Ada sokongan pd
isu/landasan empirikal
3 Metodologi
Bagaimana, siapa dan bila?
1. Kaedah/ prosedur
2. Sampel dan populasi
3. Tempat
4. Instrumentasi
5. Jangkamasa
1. Cara bagaimana
2. Siapa yg dikaji
3. Dimana di kaji
4. Apa alat yg digunakan
5. Bila masa/sertakan jadual
4 Keputusan 1. Pendahuluan
2. Keputusan-tema/tema
5 Perbincangan & Kesimpulan 1. Pendahuluan
2. Perbincangan
3. Kesimpulan
4. Cadangan
1. Diceritakan ringkasan L/b
2. Bincang keputusan/LR
3. Sintensis & penilaian
4. cadangan
Kandungan Kajian
Bidang Kajian/Fokus/isu
• Pengurusan
• Organisasi
• Gelagat
• Sikap
• Pelancong-motivasi, jangkaan,Kepuasan dll
• Penerimaan komuniti
• Impak
• Kebolehpasaraan
• Kompetensi
• Kurikulum
• Stakeholder
• Soft skills
• Penguasaan kemahiran
• Pendekata pengajaran & pembelajaran
• Student attachment
• ICT
• Produk
• Kualiti perkhidmatan
• Industri-persepsi/penerimaan
• OKU

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PENGENALAN KPD PENYELIDIKAN UMUM.pptx

  • 1. PM DR ABDUL RASID ABDUL RAZZAQ/DR BADARUDIN FPTV, UTHM PENGENALAN KEPADA PENYELIDIKAN
  • 2. Kajian? • Research is not just information gathering. • Research is not rearranging facts. • True research is a quest driven by a specific question which needs an answer • Research originates with a question or a problem. • Research requires a clear articulation of a goal.
  • 3. PENYELIDIKAN? • …the aim is to make known something previously unknown to human beings. It is to advance human knowledge, to make it more certain or better fitting…the aim is.. discovery (Elias, 1986).
  • 5. TYPES OF RESEARCH 1 Descriptive Research Finding out, describing what is -eg: market profile study, tourist satisfaction 2 Explanatory Research Explaining how or why things are as they are (and using this to predict) -causality 3 Evaluating Research Evaluation of policies and program
  • 6. WHY STUDY RESEARCH? • Understand research report, etc • Academic research projects • Management tool in: – Policy making – Planning – managing
  • 7. WHO DOES RESEARCH? • Academics • Students • Government and Commercial Organisations • Consultants • Managers
  • 9. • Sosial sains ada dua falsafah utama 1. Positivisme-siasat fakta & sebab fenomena sosial secara objektif 2. Fenomenologikal/Interpretivisme-fahami fenomena sosial dari pandangan subjek, bagaimana manusia melihat dan memberi makna pada sesuatu 3. Pragmatik-1990 (complement) Cont’
  • 10. Definisi Kajian Kualitatif • “ Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting” (Creswell, 1998).
  • 11. Fahami Konsep Kajian Kualitatif • Bagaimana manusia memberi makna, fahami dari perspektif subjek dan bukan penyelidik • Pentingnya kajian dalam latar yang sebenar dan semulajadi • Fahami dari segi pendapat, pengalaman dan perasaan subjek • Pendekatan induktif dalam mengumpul dan analisis data • Rekabentuk kajian berkembang (emergent design) • Laporan kajian adalah berbentuk deskriptif, gunakan bahasa ekspresif dan memaparkan suara subjek dalam bentuk teks Quali vs Quant
  • 12.
  • 14. Elements of the Research Process Deductive thinking (Quantitative) THEORY HYPOTHESIS OBSERVATION CONFIRMATION
  • 15. Elements of the Research Process (Cont.) Inductive thinking (Qualitative) OBSERVATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESIS THEORY
  • 16. When should I use qualitative methods? •When variables cannot be quantified •When variables are best understood in their natural settings •When variables are studied over real time •When studying intimate details of roles, processes, and groups •When the paramount objective is “understanding” Qualitative Methods
  • 17. Aspek Perbandingan P.Kualitatif P. Kuantitatif Fokus kajian Kualiti (bentuk, intipati kandungan) Kuantiti (berapa banyak) Asas Falsafah Fenomenologi Positivisme Frasa Berkaitan Kajian lapangan, ethnografi, naturalistik, grounded study, case study Eksperimental, statistik Matlamat Pemahaman, deskripsi, penerokaan, makna Ramalan, deskripsi, pengesahan, ujian hipotesis Ciri Reka bentuk Fleksibel, berkembang Berstruktur, ditetapkan lebih awal Sampel Kecil, bukan rawak, bertujuan Besar, rawak Pengumpulan data Penyelidik instrumen utama, temu bual, pemerhatian, dokumen Skala, ujian, soal selidik, tinjauan Mod analisis Induktif (oleh penyelidik) Deduktif (statistik) Dapatan Komprehensif, holistik, deskriptif Tetap, numerikal Ciri-Ciri Penyelidikan Kualitatif vs Kuantitatif
  • 19. Kaedah Temu bual • Structured Interview • Semi Structured Interview • Unstructured Interview
  • 21. Triangulasi (Validiti) • Dalaman –Peserta Kajian • Metod • Sumber • Pakar Luar
  • 22. 1. Read Data, develop ideas and feelings 2. Code Data, tag items with same meaning using a unique code 3. Search and extract instances of codes 4. Identify patterns among codes (pattern coding) 5. Create figures, tables, or descriptions of patterns ANALYSIS THEMES
  • 23. Analysis • Process of Qualitative Analysis: – Data Reduction – Data Display – Conclusion Drawing and Verification
  • 25. Pengumpulan Data (Nota lapangan, transkrip, lain-lain) Persediaan Data untuk Analisis (Transkrip atau nota lapangan) Membaca/Membiasakan Dengan Data (Dapatkan kefahaman umum) Mengkodkan Data (Membahagikan segmen-segmen teks dan melabelkan kod-kod yang berkaitan) Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan penerangan dalam penulisan laporan Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan tema yang digunakan dalam penulisan laporan Simultaneous Iterative
  • 26. Initial Read through Text Data Divide Text Into Segments Label the Segments with Codes Reduce overlap And redundancy of codes Collapse Codes Into themes Many ages of text Many segments of text 30-40 codes Codes reduced to 20 Codes reduced to 5-7 themes Model Visual Proses Pengkodan Data Kualitatif Sumber: Adaptasi daripada Creswell, 2012
  • 27. 1. Pendahuluan Kenapa, mengapa menjalankan kajian 1. Pengenalan 2. Latar belakang Masalah 3. Pernyataan Masalah 4. Tujuan/ Objektif 5. Persoalan Kajian 6. Kepentingan kajian 7. Kekangan 8. Konsep 1. Pengenalan pd isu 2. Masalah ingin dikaji secara khusus 3. Apakah masalah yg ingin dikaji 4. Apa tujaun 5. Apa yang nak dicapai 6. Penting pada.. 7. Adakah semua aspek boleh dikaji 8. Konsep yg perlu diberi penjelasan 2 Sorotan Penulisan 1. Ada sokongan pd isu/landasan empirikal 3 Metodologi Bagaimana, siapa dan bila? 1. Kaedah/ prosedur 2. Sampel dan populasi 3. Tempat 4. Instrumentasi 5. Jangkamasa 1. Cara bagaimana 2. Siapa yg dikaji 3. Dimana di kaji 4. Apa alat yg digunakan 5. Bila masa/sertakan jadual 4 Keputusan 1. Pendahuluan 2. Keputusan-tema/tema 5 Perbincangan & Kesimpulan 1. Pendahuluan 2. Perbincangan 3. Kesimpulan 4. Cadangan 1. Diceritakan ringkasan L/b 2. Bincang keputusan/LR 3. Sintensis & penilaian 4. cadangan Kandungan Kajian
  • 28. Bidang Kajian/Fokus/isu • Pengurusan • Organisasi • Gelagat • Sikap • Pelancong-motivasi, jangkaan,Kepuasan dll • Penerimaan komuniti • Impak • Kebolehpasaraan • Kompetensi • Kurikulum • Stakeholder • Soft skills • Penguasaan kemahiran • Pendekata pengajaran & pembelajaran • Student attachment • ICT • Produk • Kualiti perkhidmatan • Industri-persepsi/penerimaan • OKU