The document summarizes the energy sector and policy in Sudan. It outlines that Sudan relies heavily on biomass but has potential for solar and hydro energy. The government's strategies include increasing electrification, developing renewable energy projects, and reducing dependence on biomass through efficient stoves. Future plans under Sudan's Renewable Energy Master Plan include increasing solar, wind, and hydro power generation to provide universal access to electricity by 2031.

1. STATUS OF ENERGY SECTOR IN SUDAN Eng. Mohamed Abbas
Eltahir Elabbas
Moscow, October 2017

2. OUTLINE
• Introduction.
• Energy Situation.
• Energy Policy.
• Energy Problems.
• Potential and Future.

3. INTRODUCTION

4. PREFACE
Official Name Republic of the Sudan
Capital Khartoum
Official languages Arabic, English
Region Eastern Africa
Area 1,886,068 km2
Population 39,578,828 (2016)
Density 21.3/km2
GDP (PPP) $186.715 billion (2017)
GDP per capita $4,578
Human
Development Index
0.490 (2015)

5. BACKGROUND
The Republic of Sudan, once the largest and one of
the most geographically diverse states in Africa,
formally split into two countries in July 2011 after the
people of the south voted for independence.
Sudan is called the food basket of the Arab world, it
possesses the vast fertile lands; huge abundance of
water, over 130 million heads of livestock, forestry
resources and agricultural residues. It has a huge
mineral potential of gold, silver and platinum beside
recently discovered uranium.
Sudan has been severely affected by two long civil
war of 1955 to 1972 and from 1983 to 2005, but
only now Sudan has been enjoining a very
unprecedented state of peace and stability in all its
territories.

6. ENERGY SITUATION

7. ENERGY SECTOR
Two main types of energy sources:
1- Conventional energy sources:
o Electricity.
o Biomass.
o petroleum products.
2- Non-conventional energy sources:
o Hydro.
o solar.
owind

8. ENERGY SECTOR
Average wind speed 4.2 – 8.1 meter/second at
80 meters above ground level.
Areas with highest wind speed: Red Sea, Northern
Sudan (Dongola), Jabel Marra mountains in western
Sudan.
The solar resource is available almost everywhere.
The average daily solar irradiation: 5.8 – 7.2
kWh/m2.

9. ENERGY CONSUMPTION
The energy balance is dominated by biomass.
 Woody biomass makes up 71%
 Petroleum productions 19%.
 Non-woody biomass 8%.
 Hydropower 2%.
The total consumption of the country is as low as 6.3 million tons of oil equivalent
(TOE), while the total primary supply is about 11 million TOES.
43% of the energy is lost.

11. ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Sudan is still considered as one of the 25 most developing African countries.
Agriculture is the backbone of economic and social development.
Energy demand is driven by the five main sectors:
 Agriculture sector: consume only 0.9%
 Industrial sector: consume 11.6%
 Service/Commercial sector: consume 16.1%
Transportation sector: consume 31.4%
 Residential sector: consume 40%

13. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND

15. ENERGY BALANCE

17. ELECTRICITY
Electricity is one of the key factor of the development in each country, where Sudan
like most of the development countries is putting priority for increasing electricity
access to previously un-electrified areas through grid expansion programs.
Sudan began the electricity industry in 1908, the first 100 KW generator was
installed by English Electric Company and then raised to 500 kW at Burri Power Plant
in Khartoum.
Due to the demand growth, in 1925 contract signed with group of British companies
for a period of thirty years for the development of electricity.
In 1960, the government established Central Electricity and Water Corporation which
began to extend electricity and water services in major cities in the country.

18. ELECTRICITY GENERATION GROWTH 2005-2015

19. STATISTICAL DATA
Installed Capacity (3,227 MW) Total Generation in 2015 (13,133 GWH)

20. HYDRO AND THERMAL CONTRIBUTION 2005-2015

22. ENERGY PROBLEMS

23. ENERGY PROBLEMS
o The excessive loss in energy conversion and the lack of efficiency in its production
and use.
o Sudan Population is 35 Million, 56% lived in in the rural areas and only 29% of the
population there have access to the electricity, fuel gas, and kerosene and therefore
are absolutely biomass dependent in meeting their demand for cooking, heating, and
lighting in a very inefficient way.
o 74% of the total energy demand is useful energy and 26% is loss. 49% of the total
loss is due to low efficiency of conversion from wood to charcoal.
o Despite the huge potential of solar, wind, and geothermal energy, they don’t
existent in the country’s primary energy mix.
o The lack of technological advancement and equipment due to the sanctions put by
the United States

24. ENERGY PROBLEMS
o Management loss and neglecting some possible source of energy, for example:
- Lack of cogeneration in sugar industry: the potential electric power generation in
sugar industry is double the present level if cogeneration in the sugar industry is
introduced, lack of cogeneration made the sugar industry in Sudan burn bagasse
inefficiently; otherwise bagasse poses serious hazard to factory safety
- Flaring of AG: about 100 ktoe (1.7% of the oil supply) is attributed to flaring of
AG. In the oil fields, a significant amount of AG is produced, however, not utilized; it is
rather flared.
o There is little competition in the electricity sector. Each of the five state-owned
entities in the electricity sector has a practical monopoly on its sector. All contributed
to the slow pace of improving services and the very poor infrastructure.

26. ENERGY FRAMEWORK
The Ministry of Energy and Mining (MEM) has the responsibility for formulating and
implementing the energy policies in the country, as well as promoting and disseminating
renewable energy technologies, and conducting energy and environmental studies.
The Ministry of Electricity and Dams (MED) within the MEM is responsible for the
management of the electricity sector. The state-owned companies within the electricity
sector report directly to the MED.
The National Strategic Plan for Sudan – the first since the signing of the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement (CPA) – provides a framework for the country’s peace and
development efforts between 2007 and 2011.
The legal framework is provided by the Petroleum Wealth Act 1998, the Regulations
for the Protection of the environment in the Petroleum Industry 2001 and subsequent
amendments.

27. STRATEGIES
The Sudan Renewable Energy Master Plan was drafted in 2005 in an effort to promote the
use of renewable energy sources, including priority projects such as PV installations and
biomass co-generation, so as to avoid technological dependence on an oil-based market in
energy sector development. Funding allocations for the program total approximately US$
9.1 million, half-funded by bilateral/multilateral donors through grants or soft loans.
Government priorities in the renewables sector include:
 Reducing unsustainable biomass use.
 Increasing wind energy use for rural on- and off-grid electrification, as well as in water
pumping and agriculture.
 Increasing the dissemination of community-scale PV projects
 Assessment of the geothermal and small-hydro potentials of the country, and the
identification of priority projects.

28. STRATEGIES
 The government in Khartoum has announced plans to raise the country's
electrification level from an estimated 30% to about 90% in the mid-term.
 The country has put into place a comprehensive policy on sustainable charcoal
production, enabling exports of charcoal made from an invasive tree species.
 No customs duty or internal tax benefits for renewable energy projects and all
strategic projects, including electricity generation.
 Sudan industrial development strategy prioritize the rehabilitation of the major
industrial areas with respect to improvement of infrastructures and takes into
consideration the substitution of food crops and utilization of marginal lands.
 Implementing environmental management systems.
 Using market based instruments (MBIs) to internalize environmental costs.

29. CLIMATE CHANGE
As a member of Paris agreement, Sudan has committed
to follow a low carbon development pathway in the
three sectors of energy, forestry and waste, in line with
national development priorities. The Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDC) were articulated in
November 2015 when Sudan submitted its new climate
action plan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC).

30. GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES
 The Ministry of Science and Technology is involved in scientific research to promote
sustainable economic development in the country.
 Within the MED, the Dams Implementation Unit (DIU) acts as the governmental body
in project management for the country’s hydropower projects.
 The Energy Research Institute (ERI) undertakes renewable energy research and
development programs as well as pilot project implementation.
 The Forestry Research Institute is involved in biomass energy technologies.
 Khartoum University and the University of Science and Technology have both
undertaken research on renewables.

31. POTENTIALS AND FUTURE

32. POTENTIALS
 Given the high level of biomass use, there is a significant potential for the
introduction of energy-efficient cooking stoves and the promotion of energy
efficiency way of conversion.
 Sudan possesses high potential for renewable energy, especially for both
solar energy and hydro energy which are yet to reach its maximum capacity.
 Research studies suggested different areas with significant geothermal
potential and to adopt the successful experience of Kenya.
 Potential in foreign investments and development in both legal framework
and capacity building.

33. FUTURE PLANS
Short term plan by 2020:
- 3 Wind Energy generation projects with a
total capacity of 300 MW.
- 4 Solar Energy generation projects with a
total capacity of 20 MW,
Sudan Renewable Energy Master Plan
REMP 2031 targets

34. FUTURE PLANS
Short term plan 2015 – 2020:
Long term plan 2031:
Transmission line extension
REMP 2031 targets

35. FUTURE PLANS
The project aims to provide the electricity
service to the households in rural areas far
from the grid installing Solar Home Systems
Target: 1.1million 50-100-200W solar home
system(SHS).
Period: 2013-2031.
5.5 million, 26% of population in rural areas.
a pilot project for 100 SHS in 4 different
states was implemented.
Rural Electrification Program

36. SOURCES
 Ali, A.R., Hassan B.N., Kamal R.D., and Quosay A. Ahmed [2016] Modeling of
Sudan’s Energy Supply, Transformation, and Demand, Journal of Energy.
Ministry of Water Resources & Electricity [2016] Sudan Potentials , Opportunities
and challenges in Energy field, German-African Energy Forum-Hamburg.
 Ministry of Water Resources & Electricity [2015] Renewable Energy Current Projects
and Future Plans, German-African Energy Forum-Hamburg.
 Omer, AM. [2010] Energy, Environment, And Sustainable Development in Sudan, The
IIOAB journal.
 Sudan open data portal. www.sudan.opendataforafrica.org
 REEEP Policy database, www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/SD