this presentation is about determined the obtimum medium for oyster mushroom production by using some agricultural wastes " final Msc seminar "

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وقل رب زدني علما صدق الله العظيم 1

2. MOHAMED HAMED MOHAMED EL-HADY ARISHA B.Sc. Agriculture (Hort.) Zagazig University 2006 البيئة المثلي لإنتاج عيش الغراب المحاري Optimum medium for oyster mushroom production 2

3. Under supervision Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz Ibrahim Khalil Emeritus Professor of Vegetables, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University Prof. Dr. EL Metwally Abd El Samie El-Ghamriny Emeritus Professor of Vegetables, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University Prof. Dr. Abdallah Bardisi Ahmed ismaiel Professor of Vegetables, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University 3

4. Examination committee Prof. Dr. Taha Mohamed El-Sayed El Gazzar Emeritus Professor of Vegetables, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric. Mansoura University Prof. Dr. Dawlat Anwer Abd El-Kader Emeritus Professor of Plant Pathology ,Agric Botany and plant pathology dept. Fac. Agric., Zagazig University Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Abd El-Aziz Ibrahim Khalil Emeritus Professor of Vegetables, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University Prof. Dr. EL Metwally Abd El Samie El-Ghamriny Emeritus Professor of Vegetables, Hort. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig University 4

5. Mushrooms Is one of the higher fungi that contains high protein content. There are at least 12,000 species of fungi that can be considered mushrooms, with at least 2000 edible species . About 120 mushroom species have been cultivated commercially (DÜndar and Yildiz, 2009) and of these around 4 species were cultivated in Egypt. 5

6. 6 Pleurotus ostreatus Oyster mushroom Lentinusedodes Shittaki mushroom Volvariellavolvacea Straw mushroom Agaricusbisporus Button mushroom

7. Mushroom Classification Kingdom: Fungi Phylum : Basidiomycota Class : Basidiomycetes Subclass : Holobasidiomycetidae Order : Polyporales Family : Polyporaceae Order :PolyporalesOrder:AgricalesOrder:Agricales Family: PolyporaceaeFamily: AgaricaceaeFamily:Pleutaceae Genus :PleurotusGenus:AgaricusGenus:Volvariella Webster and Weber (2007) 7

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9. Large quantities of agricultural residues i.e., rice straw, sugarcane bagasse and other substrates are produced in Egypt. Alternative methods of utilization these agricultural residues are needed to mitigate the environmental pollution problems associated burning and soil incorporation. Cultivation of saprophytic edible mushroom may be the only currently economical biotechnology for lignocelluloses organic waste recycling that combines the production of protein rich food with the reduction of environmental pollution. 9

10. Objective This study aimed to obtained the optimum medium for oyster mushroom production that improving the quantity and quality of it. This study achieved this goal by: Using different agriculture wastes as a growth media for oyster mushroom i.e., rice straw, clover hay, sugarcane bagasse. Improving the productivity by using supplements to mushroom growth media i.e., active dry yeast, soybean powder 10

11. MATERIAL AND METHODS 11

12. This work was carried out in Mushroom Research Laboratory (MRL), Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University during the period between 2008 and 2009 seasons. It was divided into two experiments as follows: First experiment:Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on oyster mushroom production Second experiment: Effect of supplements types, rates, and their interaction on oyster mushroom production 12

13. Used strain in both experiments Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) strain 238 13

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15. First experiment Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on oyster mushroom production 15

16. This experiment includes twelve treatments as follows: 16

17. These treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design system with three replicates, and each replicate consisted of two polyethylene bags (40x60 cm). Preparation of organic substrates All organic substrates (clover hay, sugarcane bagasse, and rice straw) were chopped into pieces and one kg of each dry substrate were packed in perforated bags and soaked for 3, 6, and 12 hours, respectively and left to drain the excess water. The substrates and their mixtures were pasteurized in life steam system at 80 – 90O C for 6 hours. These pasteurized mixtures were left to reach to room temperature (Zadrazil, 1978). 17

18. Second Experiment Effect of supplements types, rates, and their interaction on oyster mushroom production 18

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21. These treatments were arranged in split plot design system with three replicates, and each replicate consisted of two polyethylene bags (40 x 60 cm). Preparation of rice straw Rice straw was chopped into particles (4-5cm) and soaked in tap water for 12 hours, then left to drain the excess water, after that it pasteurized in life steam system at 80 – 90O C for 6 hours. These pasteurized mixtures were left to reach to room temperature (Zadrazil, 1978). Addition of active dry yeast Active dry yeast was added as a suspension prepared using sterilized tap water with sugar at a rate of 100 ml per bag just before spawning. Addition of soybean Soybean meal was added to the content of each bag at the previously mentioned levels (W/W) and mixed with rice straw just before spawning. 21

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23. Data Recorded 23

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36. Results and discussion 36

37. First experimentEffect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on oyster mushroom production R.S., Rice straw ; C.H., Clover hay; S.B., sugarcane bagasse 37

38. Growth characters 38

39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.S.+C.H.(1:1) R.S.+S.B.(1:1) C.H. alone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on average of fruit body weight 39

40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.S. R.S.+C.H.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) C.H. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on number of fruit bodies per cluster 40

41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.S. R.S.+C.H.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) C.H. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on number of clusters/ bag of oyster mushroom 41

42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.S. R.S.+C.H.(1 : 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(1 : 1 ) R.S.+C.H.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) C.H. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on average of cluster weight 42

43. br />1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 S.B R.S.+S.B.(1 : 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(1 : 3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on Number of days from spawning till first flush 43

44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.S.+C.H.(1 : 1 ) C.H. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on early yield 44

45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.S. R.S.+C.H.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) C.H. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on total yield/ bag 45

46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R.S. R.S.+C.H.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) C.H. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on biological efficiency 46

47. Chemical analysis of mushroom fruit bodies 47

48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C.H. R.S.+C.H.(1 : 3) C.H.+S.B.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(1 : 3) C.H.+S.B.(1 : 1 ) R.S. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on dry matter percentage 48

49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C.H. R.S.+C.H.(1 : 3) R.S.+S.B.(1 : 1 ) R.S R.S.+S.B.(1 : 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on Phosphorus content in fruit bodies 49

50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C.H. R.S.+C.H.(1 : 1 ) C.H.+S.B.(1 : 1 ) C.H.+S.B.(3: 1 ) R.S.+C.H.(1 : 3) S.B. R.S.+S.B.(1 : 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(3: 1 ) R.S.+S.B.(1 : 3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on crud protein in mushroom fruit bodies 50

51. Chemical analysis of growth media at the start of experiment 51

52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C.H. C.H.+S.B.(3: 1 ) R.S.+C.H.(1 : 3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on C/N ratio in the growth media before spawning 52

53. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 C.H. C.H.+S.B.(3: 1 ) R.S.+C.H.(1 : 3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig : Effect of some organic substrates and their mixtures on cellulose content in the growth media before spawning 53

54. Conclusion It could be concluded that The optimum medium for increasing oyster mushroom production was rice straw alone The optimum medium for increasing yield and improving the quality of fruit bodies was Rice straw + clover hay (3:1, W/W). 54

55. Correlation study 55

56. Second experiment Effect of supplements types, rates, and their interaction on oyster mushroom production Y., Active dry yeast; S., Soybean powder 56

57. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on average fruit body weight of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on average fruit body weight of oyster mushroom 57

58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 0.5 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on Average of fruit body weight 58

59. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on number of fruit bodies / cluster of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on number of fruit bodies / cluster of oyster mushroom 59

60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.0 Y(%) + 0.0 S(%) 0.0 Y(%) + 2.5 S(%) 0.5 Y(%) + 0.0 S(%) 0.5 Y(%) + 2.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 0.0 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 2.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of active dry yeast and soybean powder and their interaction on Number of fruit bodies/cluster 60

61. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on number of clusters per bag of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on number of clusters per bag of oyster mushroom 61

62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.5 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 0.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on Number of clusters/ bag 62

63. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on average cluster weight of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on average cluster weight of oyster mushroom 63

64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.5 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 0.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on Average of cluster weight 64

65. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on number of days from spawning till first flush of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on number of days from spawning till first flush of oyster mushroom 65

66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on Number of days from planting till first flush 66

67. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on early yield of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on early yield of oyster mushroom 67

68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.5 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 0.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on early yield of oyster mushroom 68

69. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on total yield of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on total yield of oyster mushroom 69

70. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.5 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 0.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on total yield/ bag 70

71. Fig: Effect of soybean powder on biological efficiency of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on biological efficiency of oyster mushroom 71

72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.5 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 0.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on biological efficiency 72

73. Chemical analysis of the fruit bodies 73

74. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on dry matter percentage of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on dry matter percentage of oyster mushroom 74

75. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on dry matter percentage of oyster mushroom 75

76. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on Phosphorus content in fruit bodies of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on Phosphorus content in fruit bodies of oyster mushroom 76

77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.0 Y(%) + 5.0 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) control 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on phosphorus content in mushroom fruit bodies 77

78. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on Crude protein in fruit bodies of oyster mushroom Fig: Effect of soybean powder on Crude protein in fruit bodies of oyster mushroom 78

79. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: Effect of interaction between active dry yeast and soybean powder on Crud protein content in mushroom fruit bodies 79

80. Chemical analysis of media at the start of experiment 80

81. Fig: Effect of active dry yeast on C/N ratio in media at the start of experiment Fig: Effect of soybean powder on C/N ratio in media at the start of experiment 81

82. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0.0 Y(%) + 0.0 S(%) 0.5 Y(%) + 0.0 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 0.0 S(%) 0.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 0.5 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1.0 Y(%) + 7.5 S(%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fig: C/N ratio in the growth media at the start of the experiment 82

83. conclusion It could be concluded that The best interaction treatments 1% active dry yeast x 0% soybean powder and 0.5% active dry yeast x 0% soybean powder, followed by 0.5% active dry yeast x 2.5% soybean powder and 0% active dry yeast X 2.5% soybean powder 83

84. Recommendation The optimum media To increase the production of oyster mushroom you can use rice straw alone or in mixture with clover hay (3:1, W/W). To obtain a rapid growth you can supply mushroom growth media with active dry yeast at a rate of 1% and 0.5% (w/w) To obtain high protein content you can use rice straw mixed with clover hay (3:1, W/W) The best interaction treatments 1% active dry yeast x 0% soybean powder and 0.5% active dry yeast x 0% soybean powder, followed by 0.5% active dry yeast x 2.5% soybean powder and 0% active dry yeast X 2.5% soybean powder 84

85. Thank you 85