ORTHODONTIC CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS

1. MOTHI
KRISHNA
Date
SCHWARZ
ANALYSIS
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2. INTRODUCTION
A.M.SCHWARZ proposed his analysis for orthodontic diagnosis in the year
1961 to evaluate the lateral cephalometric radiograph making use of
standard landmarks on the radiograph.
 He divided his analysis into two parts .
CRANIOMETRY (SKELETAL) and
GNATHOMETRY(DENTAL) making use of the spinapalate plane (SpP)
,which is the plane that separates the dentition from skull and also serves as
the base plane of the maxilla.
 Craniometry deals with the evaluation of the skeletal base and the profile ,
whileGnathometry deals with the evaluation of the dentition.
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3. CRANIOMETRY(SKELETAL)
5 Reference lines has been used:
2-vertical lines , 3- horizontal lines
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Nasion to sella (Anterior cranial base) sella is marked
in the entrance of sella turcica
Orbital to porion similar to frankfort horizontal plane
SPp From sharp bony tip anterior to ANS moving through
ANS and PNS and touching the Ptm tip ,this plane
seperates skull from dentition.
NA Nasion to point A
Pn Soft tissue Nasion perpendicular to H plane(Frankfort
horizontal plane)

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5. SKELETAL ANALYSIS
• INCLINATION ANGLE OR 'J'ANGLE OR
ANGLE OF INCLINATION :
Angle formed between SpP
plane and Pn plane is called
inclination angle or j angle.
Average : 85±5°(straight face)
≥ anteinclination
≤ retroinclination
( similar to facial angle in Down's)
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6. • 'F 'ANGLE OR FACIAL ANGLE:
Angle formed between NA
plane and NSe plane is called the 'F'
angle or Facial angle.
Normal value : 85°
≥ ante face (forward
displacement of jaw)
≤ retro face (backward
displacement of jaw)
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7. • ASSESSMENT OF TMJ POSITION:
Angle formed between H plane
and Pn plane .
Normal value : 90 °
≥ TMJ is inferiorly placed.
≤ TMJ is in supraposition.
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8. • The SpP plane forms an angle
of 5 degrees with the NSe
plane
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9. ANALYSIS OF FACIAL PROFILE
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Forehead third of face
Nasal third of the face
Jaw third of the face

10. • O-eye point or orbitale.
• H- Frankfort horizontal plane
connecting the orbitale and
the porion(Simons eye-ear
plane)
tr-trichion(hairline)
• n-is the soft tissue nasion.
• sn-is the subnasale
• pg-is the soft tissue pogonion
• gn-is the soft tissue gnathion
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The landmarks and lines used by Schwarz for analyzing the
profile are :

11. • tr-n -is the forehead third of the face
• n-sn -is the nasal third of the face
• sn-gn -is the jaw third of the face
• For an average profile the forehead , nasal and jaw
thirds are approximately equal in size , the jaw third
can be slightly longer(up to 10 percent).
• The jaw third is divided into two parts , one third
belonging to maxilla and the other two thirds
belonging to mandible.
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12. 'T' ANGLE
• The line T( mouth tangent ) drawn
from subnasale to pogonion forms
and angle of 10 degrees with the Pn
plane,this is called the “T” angle.
• In an ideal profile the T line should
touch the edge of the lower lip and
bisect the upper lip.
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13. GNATHOMETRY(DENTAL)
• Deals with the Planes between SpP and MP plane.
• BASE PLANE ANGLE OR “B” ANGLE:
• Angle formed between SpP plane and MP plane .(mandibular plane
go-gn)
Average : 20±5°
≤ well developed masticatory system.
≥ underdevelopment of the height in the molar region.
Gnathic openbite (severly increases if both 'B'angle and gonial angle
increases).
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15. GONIAL ANGLE :
Angle formed between tangent drawn to the body
of the mandible (MTI) and tangent drawn to the ramus of
the mandible(MT2).
Average:123±10°
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16. AB ANGLE:
The AB angle which is the angle formed between the
line connecting point A and point B and the SpP plane.
Average : 90°
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17. MAXILLOMANDIBULAR ANGLE:
Angle formed between line connecting point A and pogonion and the SpP
plane.
Average : 90°
≥ : Retropositioned mandible in relation to maxilla ,supraposition of TMJ and
enlarged 'B' angle.
≤ : Forwardly placed mandible in relation to maxilla infraposition of TMJ and
decreased 'B' angle.
Every 10 degrees change in the “B”angle corresponds to 7 degrees change in the
maxillomandibular angle.
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18. • AXIAL INCLINATIONS OF TEETH:
• Axial inclinations of the teeth-is the angle formed between the
long axis of the teeth and their respective base planes.
• The average angles formed by long axes upper central incisors
, canines and first premolars to SpP plane should be 70,80 and
90 degrees.
• The average angles for lower incisors and canines to the
mandibular plane is 90degrees.
• 5 degrees variation for all the angles is considered normal.
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19. • INTERINCISAL ANGLE:
Angle formed
between long axis of the
upper and lower central
incisor.
Average:140±5°
≥ Retroclination
≤ Proclination
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140°

20. • Pn TO OCCLUSAL PLANE :
Angle formed between Pn plane and
occlusal plane.
Pn - Soft tissue Nasion perpendicular to H plane(Frankfort horizontal
plane).
Average : 75 °
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21. • Pn to mandibular plane:
Angle formed between Pn plane and
mandibular plane(go-gn).
Pn - Soft tissue Nasion perpendicular to H plane(Frankfort
horizontal plane).
Average : 65°
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22. • Palatal plane to occlusal plane:
Angle formed between palatalplane and
occlusal plane.
Average : 8-10°
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23. • OCCLUSAL PLANE TO MANDIBULAR PLANE:
Angle formed between occlusal plane and
mandibular plane (go-gn).
Average : 10-12°
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24. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
• EXTENT OF ANTERIOR CRANIA BASE:
From sella entrance to Nasion.
Average : 60-70mm(68mm)
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25. •EXTENT OF ASCENDING RAMUS:
Measured from go to condylion.
Average : 50mm(55.6mm)
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55.6mm

26. •EXTENT OF MAXILLARY CRANIAL BASE:
Measured from ANS to PNS.
Average : 51.9mm(47.5mm)
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27. • EXTENT OF MANDIBULAR BASE:
Measured from gonion to pogonion.
Average - 79mm(71mm)
Length of body of mandible measured along the mandibular tangent
MT1,average value should be anterior cranial base + 3 mm.
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28. Length of ramus-measured from gonion upwards to the
point where it intersects the H plane(average-50mms).
 The length of the maxilla is measured along the SpP plane
from the projected point A to the outline of
pterygomaxillary fissure as it crosses the spina palate plane.
The average value is 47.5mm.
 The average length of the jaws is calculated in comparison
with the anterior cranial base , the average length ratio of
anterior cranial base to upper jaw should be 10:7
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29. The average length ratio of upper jaw to the
mandibular corpus should be 2:3 .
 The average length of NSe and pogonion-gonion line
is 20:21 or 60:63.
 The length ratio of mandibular body to that of
mandibular ramus is 7:5.
 The average length ratio between the upper incisors
and upper molars to SpP=lower incisors and the lower
first molars to the mandibular plane which is =5:4 .
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30.  The average length ratio of upper incisor (oi) to
lower incisor (ui ) and upper first molar
(om1)lower first molar (um1) which is equal to
2:3.
 For all sagittal malocclusions a variation of 5
degrees or 5mm is acceptable because the
distance between the two buccal cusps of the
maxillary first molar is equal to 5 mm,so a 5mm
shift is a must to shift the occlusion from normal
to a class II or class III
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31. SOFT TISSUE LINEAR MEASUREMENT
Soft tissue thickness in the jaw
region is also considered in
linear measurements of profile.
• The average horizontal
distance from subnasale to
NA line is 12mm in children
and14-16mm in adults.
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32. • Horizontal distance of upper lip to upper
central incisor= 12 mm.
• The distance of lower lip to the labial surface
of the lower incisors = 12 mm.
• The average chin cushion = 10mm and
• soft tissue thickness at gnathion = 6 mm.
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33. Dental
Axial inclinations of the teeth to palatal plane
:
upper central incisors - 70±5°
upper canine - 80±5°
upper Ist Premolar - 90±5°
Axial inclinations of the teeth to mandibular
plane :
lower incisors - 90±5°
lower canine - 90±5°
Interincisal angle - 140±5°Date Your Footer Here 33

34. Pn to occlusal plane - 75°
Pn to mandibular plane - 65°
palatal plane to occlusal plane - 8-10°
occlusal plane to mandibular plane - 10-12°
Base plane or B angle - 20±5°
Gonial angle - 123°
maxillomandibular angle - 90°
AB angle - 90°
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35. SKELETAL
• Se-N - 68mm
• Corpus mandibular -71mm
• Mandibular ramus -50mm
• Upper jaw length -47.5mm
• SpP NSe plane -5°
• SpP Perpendicular from N': J angle -85°
• Na-Nse -85°
• H plane-Nse -5°
• H plane-Perpendicular from N* -90°
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36. Length relation of the jaws:
• N-Se / pog-gonion - 60:63
• Ramus / mandibular corpus - 5:7
• Upper jaw / mandibular corpus - 2:3
•
Soft tissue thickness :
• Sn-A - 14-16mm
• Upper lip - 12mm
• Lower lip - 12mm
• Chin cushion - 10mm
• Soft tissue at gnathion - 6mm
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37. REFERENCE
1)A .M.Schwarz -A practical evaluation of the
x- ray head plate
-
Am.J.orthodontics august :1961 vol- 47
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