1. RFID Applications
March/2014
Presentation
1
• Introduction
• components
• Layers
Presentation
2
• Regulations
• Standards
• Protocols
Presentation
3
• RFID Software
Developer
• Middleware
• Labs
Presentation
4
• RIFIDI
Emulator LAB
Mouhanad Alkhaldi | Postgraduate Taught Part Time - Information Technology (SS), MSc |ma1049@hw.ac.uk
2. RFID Applications
Introduction to RFID
&
System Components
March/2014
Mouhanad Alkhaldi | Postgraduate Taught Part Time - Information Technology (SS), MSc |ma1049@hw.ac.uk
3. Index
4. Icon Meaning
5. AIDC - Automatic Identification and Data Capture
6. RFID Use Scenarios
7. RFID Use Scenarios –(continued)
8. RFID System Components and Layers
9. RFID Tag - Major Types
10. RFID Tag Variation & Segmentation
11. RFID Tag - main Components
12. Media Interface Layer - Electromagnetic Spectrum
13. Media Interface Layer - RFID System Frequency Ranges
14. Reader Layer
15. Reader Layer – Antenna Polarization
16. Reader Layer - How it works
17. Reader Layer - Polarization affect on tag reading
18. Reader Layer - Polarization affect on tag reading 2
19. Reader Layer - Tag orientation - dual dipole
20. Network Layer
21. Middleware Layer
22. Good Reads
23. References
4. Icon Meaning
RFID Layer position
Good Reads Network Related Reader Related topic
Tag Related Topic
Air Interface Related
5. Automatic Identification and Data Capture
(AIDC)
• AIDC: is a term used to group the various technologies
employed to automatically identifying items, collecting
data about them and the ability to enter that data
electronically into computer systems.
• It became very popular in many service industries,
purchasing and distribution logistics, industry,
manufacturing companies and material flow systems.
6. RFID Use Scenarios
These are just examples of RFID use:
• Asset Tracking
• Retail
• Books Tracking (Library)
• Toll Gates fare collection
• Public Transport fare collection (AFC)
• Healthcare
• Animal Identification & Tracking
• Electronic Passport
• Luggage tracking
• Sport
• Anti-Theft
• Parking Systems
• Manufacturing line
• Inventory Management
• Brand Protection
• Access control systems
RFID in Luggage tracking
RFID in Sports
RFID Parking
RFID Inventory Tracking
7. RFID Use Scenarios
RFID in Chemical Inventory
RFID Animal Tracking
Toll Gates fare collection
8. RFID System Components and Layers
Basic RFID system (user perspective)
• Object to track
• RFID Tag:
• think of it as a memory chip , storing tag ID
• RFID Antenna:
• send & receive radio signals
• RFID Reader:
• controls the send & receive ,
• it is the physical layer brain !
• Computer
• Any connection method between reader and PC
• RS232 - USB – LAN …
• Software that shows the tag reading
Technically RFID has the following System Layers
• Hardware/Physical
1. Tag layer
2. Media Interface Layer
3. Reader Layer
4. Network Layer
• Software
5. Middleware Layer :
6. Application Layer RFID System Layers
9. Tag Layer
Major Types
Passive
Tag reflects radio signal from reader
Reader powered
Shorter Read Range
Battery-assist can add an order of magnitude
Smaller data storage
Lower cost
Active
Tag transmits radio signal
Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry
High Read Range
Longer range
Larger data storage
Higher cost
Battery-assisted passive
Only use the power of the reader to identify that
reading is in progress
Active Tag – School Attendence
Passive Tag
10. Tag Layer
Variation & Segmentation
• Memory Segmentation
Size (16 bits - 512KBytes +)
Read Only (Factory Programmed)
WORM - Write Once, Read Many times
Reprogrammable (Field Programmable)
Read/Write (In-Use Programmable)
Type: EEProm, Antifuse , FeRam
Arbitration (Anti-collision)
• Frequency (125KHz to 5.8 GHz)
Low—~135 kHz
VHF—~13.5 MHz
UHF—~860MHz – 960 MHz
Microwave—2.4 GHz
• Tag antenna orientation , single , dual sipole.
• Usage ( Printed , Metal , Water proof …)
• Physical Dimensions (Thumbnail to Brick sizes)
• Price ($0.50 to $250)
• Life span
Note:
these segments keep changing ,
the above is just an example
Tag verities
Tag embedded in a luggage sticker
11. Tag Layer
Main Components
• Passive Tag:
– Tag Chip (Integrated Circuit IC)
– Tag Antenna
• Active Tag:
– All passive tag components
– Plus a battery
Tag components –
this picture from Impinj RFID technologies ,
shows their Monza tag Chip
13. Media Interface Layer
RFID System Frequency Ranges
frequency Average Range Sample Applications
Low-frequency
125 - 148 KHz
3 feet Pet and ranch animal identification;
car key locks
High-frequency
13.56 MHz
3 feet library book identification;
clothing identification; smart cards
Ultra-high freq
915 MHz
25 feet Supply chain tracking:
Box, pallet, container, trailer tracking
Microwave:
2.45GHz
100 feet Highway toll collection;
vehicle fleet identification
Note:
This course will give more focus on UHF RFID applications
14. Reader Layer
• This layer contains the reader & the RFID antenna
• The reader controls one or more antenna, to send radio signal
• The antenna has the ability to send radio signals in specific frequency
• Some readers has embedded antenna
Figure : The reader and transponder are the main components of every RFID system
Image: RFID Readers
15. Reader Layer –
Antenna Polarization
Linear polarization
• The direction of the electric field associated with a wave
is known as Polarization
• Some antennas transmit a linear way
• Some antennas transmit a wave whose direction of
polarization rotates during each cycle This is known as
circular polarization
• Linear delivers more power , improved range and
penetration.
Linear polarization
Circular polarization
16. Reader Layer
How it works
• When the tag is exposed to an electronic field in the main
direction of its wire
• Electrons flow along the tag antenna and activate the
integrated circuit, or IC
• The tag circuit transmit back the information to the reader
Passive Tag Getting a Signal
17. Reader Layer
Polarization affect on tag reading
• Many tag antennas consists of wires that
mostly proceed in a single direction
• When the electric field is perpendicular to
the main direction of the tag antenna , little
voltage is generated , and the tag integrated
circuit cannot turn on.
little voltage is generated
18. Reader Layer
Polarization affect on tag reading
Circularly polarized antennas can read tags oriented in any
direction that is perpendicular to the direction in which the
wave is moving , but the antenna will not be able to read a
tag that is pointing directly towards the antenna
19. Reader Layer
Tag orientation - dual dipole
• Some tags have two antennas oriented at
right angles to one another
• These are known as dual dipole tags
• this is mostly for far field RFID usage
20. Network Layer
• Network layer is the connection between the PC and
the Reader
• The network connectivity method can be:
– Network cable Cat5
– Wi-Fi connection (Wi-Fi enabled readers)
– Serial cable RS 232 , RS 485
– USB cable
• The communication between the PC and Reader
happens through standard network protocols like
TCP/IP
21. Middleware Layer
• Middleware is a software that talks directly to the reader , and facilitate an
interface between the business software and readers.
• In early days this functionality was part of the business application.
• The elements of middleware include the following:
– Reader and device management:
RFID middleware allows users to configure, monitor, deploy, and issue commands directly to
readers through a common interface.
– Data management:
As RFID middleware captures EPC data or other data from readers, it can intelligently filter
and route it to the appropriate destinations.
– Application integration:
RFID middleware solutions provide messaging, routing, and connectivity features required to
integrate RFID data into existing supply-chain management (SCM), enterprise resource
planning (ERP), warehouse management (WMS), or customer relationship management
(CRM) systems.
– Partner integration:
Middleware can provide collaborative solutions like business-to-business (B2B) integration
between trading partners.
• Note: we will talk in more details about this layer in later session.
23. References
Teaching RFID Information Systems Security
Thompson, D.R.; Jia Di; Daugherty, M.K., "Teaching RFID Information Systems Security," Education, IEEE Transactions on , vol.57, no.1, pp.42,47,
Feb. 2014
doi: 10.1109/TE.2013.2264289
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6524969&isnumber=6729118
RFID Handbook 3rd edition (2010)
Klaus Finkenzeller Giesecke & Devrient GmbH, Munich, Germany http://www.rfidhandbook.de
https://www.impinj.com/
http://www.aidc.org/
http://www.rfidrevolution.com/RFID-Essentials/demonstration/
24. References
Images
RFID Sports:
http://www.ipicosports.com/how-it-works/
http://rfid.thingmagic.com/rfid-blog/?Tag=Access+Control
RFID Sport MotorCycler
http://www.transcends.co/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Rifidi-Asset-Tracking-datasheet-doublepage-C-low.
pdf
Tag dual dipole
http://www.declarepeace.org.uk/captain/murder_inc/site/pics/nazirfidTag.jpg
Tag Roll
http://i01.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/864297173/omnidirectional_RFID_tags_dual_dipole_RFID_labels.jpg
Luggage tag:
http://www.airport-int.com/suppliers/airline-printed-products.html
Luggage Tracking
http://phys.org/news128703805.html
Animal Tracking
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2008/07/24102700/8
Parking RFID
http://iwatchsystems.com/technical/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/rfid_in_parking.jpg
Electronic Spectrum Image
http://cs.brown.edu/people/tld/note/blog/13/07/26/ Louis e. Keiner Coastal Carolina University
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/education/k-12/curricula/sm3/documents/SM3_ElectromagneticSpectrum.pdf
http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/35472969.pdf
25. References
Images
RFID UHF Reader
http://www.motorolasolutions.com/web/Business/Products/RFID/RFID%20Readers/FX7400/Images/Static%20Files/Merlin__
7_lg.jpg
RFID Reader
http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00bMtQCdUcnVqS/Desktop-Mifare-RFID-Card-Reader.jpg
RFID Reader handheld
http://www.gaorfid.com/images/RFID-Readers-900MHz(UHF)/RFID-Readers-900MHz(UHF)3.bmp
Salik Tollgate
http://www.salik.gov.ae/en/about/how-it-works
To Make Animation
http://www.gifmaker.me/
RFID System Components
http://www.rfidrevolution.com/RFID-Essentials/demonstration/
AutoID Systems
http://www.omron.com.au/service_support/technical_guide/rfid_system/index.asp
Some pictures & ideas from
RFID for dummies 2005 : http://www.dummies.com/
Patrick J. Sweeney II
Some pictures & ideas from
RFID Handbook, 3rd Edition
26. References
Images
RFID Inventory
http://www.rfidbuzz.com/news/2004/goggleless_augmen
ted_reality.html
RFID Chemical Inventory
http://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?10850
Slide Notes:
Automatic identification procedures exist to provide information about people, animals, goods and products in transit.
Slide Resources:
http://www.aidc.org/
RFID Handbook, 3rd Edition
AIDC Types
http://www.biometricsinstitute.org/pages/types-of-biometrics.html
RFID Handbook, 3rd Edition
Optical character recognition (OCR) was first used in the 1960s
OCR is used in production, service and administrative fields,
and also in banks for the registration of cheques (personal data, such as name and account number,
is printed on the bottom line of a cheque in OCR type).
A smart card is an electronic data storage system, possibly with additional computing capacity
(microprocessor card), which – for convenience – is incorporated into a plastic card the size of
a credit card. The first smart cards in the form of prepaid telephone smart cards were launched
in 1984.
RFID systems are closely related to the smart cards. Like smart card systems,
data is stored on an electronic data-carrying device – the transponder. However, unlike the smart
card, the power supply to the data-carrying device and the data exchange between the data-carrying
device and the reader are achieved without the use of galvanic contacts, using instead magnetic or
electromagnetic fields.
near-field communication (NFC) is not an RFID system, but a wireless data interface
between devices, similar to Infrared or the well-known Bluetooth. However, NFC has several
characteristics that are of interest in relation to RFID systems.
Slide Notes:
Good to show this video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaHfVAbQJgY#t=91
It shows real case about RFID in retail…
Slide Resources:
http://www.ipicosports.com/how-it-works/
http://www.airport-int.com/suppliers/airline-printed-products.html
http://rfid.thingmagic.com/rfid-blog/?Tag=Access+Control
http://phys.org/news128703805.html
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2008/07/24102700/8
http://iwatchsystems.com/technical/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/rfid_in_parking.jpg
Slide Notes:
Good to show this video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaHfVAbQJgY#t=91
It shows real case about RFID in retail…
Slide Resources:
http://www.ipicosports.com/how-it-works/
http://www.airport-int.com/suppliers/airline-printed-products.html
http://rfid.thingmagic.com/rfid-blog/?Tag=Access+Control
http://phys.org/news128703805.html
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2008/07/24102700/8
http://iwatchsystems.com/technical/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/rfid_in_parking.jpg
Slide Notes:
RFID Technical structure was not divided in this way initially …. It started in the simple diagram
RFID Reference Model.
Slide Resources:
Teaching RFID Information Systems Security.pdf
http://ezproxy1.hw.ac.uk:2065/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6524969
Education, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:57 , Issue: 1 )
Date of Publication:
Feb. 2014Page(s):42 - 47ISSN :0018-9359INSPEC Accession Number:14061516Digital Object Identifier :10.1109/TE.2013.2264289
http://www.rfidrevolution.com/RFID-Essentials/demonstration/
Slide Notes:
Slide Resources:
http://www.corerfid.com/technology/RFIDtechnology/batteryassistedpassive.aspx
RFID Journal 2006 : RFIDJournal2006.pdf
RFID for dummies
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-81LqKfYKNwo/T8R8PvYwLYI/AAAAAAAAAdw/i2vFEesbWk8/s1600/P1020992_2.jpg
http://www.harlandsimon.com/Images/RFID/RFID-Passive-Tag.jpg
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa479355.aspx#rfidintro_topic3
Slide Notes:
The Tag segments keep changing, the above is just an example
Low Frequency (125/134KHz)—Most commonly used for access control, animal tracking, and asset tracking.
High-Frequency (13.56 MHz)—Used where medium data rate and read ranges up to about 1.5 meters are acceptable. This frequency also has the advantage of not being susceptible to interference from the presence of water or metals.
Ultra High-Frequency (850 MHz to 950 MHz)—offer the longest read ranges of up to approximately 3 meters and high reading speeds.
Slide Resources:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa479355.aspx#rfidintro_topic3
Slide Notes:
Slide Resources:
https://www.impinj.com/
RFID Handbook, 3rd Edition
Slide Notes:
This slide speaks a lot about the transfer layer
Speak about the electromagnet frequencies
Speak about the visible frequencies
Speak about the radio spectrum
RFID Frequency Ranges
LF, 125 KHz–134 KHz
HF, 13.56 MHz
UHF, 860 MHz–960 MHz
microwave: 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz
(Bluetooth: Bluetooth operates in the range of 2400–2483.5 MHz)
Slide Resources:
http://cs.brown.edu/people/tld/note/blog/13/07/26/
Louis e. Keiner Coastal Carolina University
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/education/k-12/curricula/sm3/documents/SM3_ElectromagneticSpectrum.pdf
http://www.centrenational-rfid.com/rfid-frequency-ranges-article-16-gb-ruid-202.html
http://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/35472969.pdf
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa479355.aspx
http://cs.brown.edu/people/tld/note/blog/13/07/26/
Slide Notes:
Slide Resources:
RFID Handbook, 3rd Edition
The reader and transponder are the main components of every RFID system
http://www.motorolasolutions.com/web/Business/Products/RFID/RFID%20Readers/FX7400/Images/Static%20Files/Merlin__7_lg.jpg
http://image.made-in-china.com/4f0j00bMtQCdUcnVqS/Desktop-Mifare-RFID-Card-Reader.jpg
http://www.gaorfid.com/images/RFID-Readers-900MHz(UHF)/RFID-Readers-900MHz(UHF)3.bmp
Slide Notes:
In real RFID far field implementation , you really need to pay attention to the polarization in both your antenna and the tag type you are using ..
For that in this course I am giving a slight high level understanding of this physical concept
Slide Resources:
http://www.rfidrevolution.com/RFID-Essentials/demonstration/