3. Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms
periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock
regular bodily rhythms that occur on
a 24-hour cycle, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature
4. Premenstrual
Syndrome
3
Recalled mood is
Negative mood worse than
score earlier reported
2
1
Premenstrual Menstrual Intermenstrual
Menstrual phase
Actual Recalled mood
5. Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams
“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other
body systems are active
Sleep
periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
7. Brain Waves and
Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow waves of a
relaxed, awake
brain
Delta Waves
large, slow waves
of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory
experiences
8. Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hours of sleep
9. Stages in a Typical
Night’s Sleep
Minutes
of Decreasing
25 Stage 4
Stage 4
and
REM 20
15 Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours of sleep
10. Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep
Loss
fatigue
impaired
concentration
depressed immune
system
greater
vulnerability to
accidents
11. Sleep Deprivation
Less sleep, More sleep,
Accident more accidents fewer accidents
frequency
2,800
2,700 4,200
2,600 4000
2,500 3,800
2,400 3,600
Spring time change Fall time change
(hour sleep loss) (hour sleep gained)
Monday before time change Monday after time change
12. Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
persistent problems in falling or staying
asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing
momentary reawakenings
13. Night Terrors and
Nightmares
Sleep
stages
Night Terrors
Awake
occur within 2 or
1
3 hours of falling
2 asleep, usually
3 during Stage 4
REM
4 high arousal--
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
appearance of
Hours of sleep being terrified
14. Dreams: Freud
Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping
person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery
discontinuities
incongruities
delusional acceptance of the content
difficulties remembering
15. Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of
Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line
Latent Content
underlying meaning
16. Dreams
As Information Processing
helps facilitate memories
REM Rebound
REM sleep increases following REM
sleep deprivation
18. Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the
subject) that certain perceptions,
feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur
Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
20. Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same
acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject
is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired
symptoms and behaviors
21. Hypnosis
Dissociation
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to
occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized
subject’s awareness of experiences, such as
pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
23. Drugs and
Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and mood
Physical Dependence
physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions
24. Dependence and
Addiction
Big
effect
Tolerance
Drug Response to
first exposure
diminishing effect
effect
with regular use
Withdrawal
After repeated
exposure, more
discomfort and
drug is needed
to produce
distress that follow
same effect discontinued use
Little
effect
Small Large
Drug dose
25. Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
drugs that reduce neural activity
slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity
speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
26. Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting)
drugs that distort perceptions
and evoke sensory images in
the absence of sensory input
LSD
27. Psychoactive Drugs
Barbiturates
drugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but
impairing memory and
judgement
28. Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
opium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening
pain and anxiety
29. Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing speeded-up
body functions and associated
energy and mood changes
31. Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA)
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD
lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug
also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
33. Trends in Drug Use
80%
High school 70
seniors
60
reporting Alcohol
drug use 50
40 Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
Cocaine
10
0
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year
34. Perceived Marijuana
Risk
100%
Perceived “great risk of
Percent 90 harm” in marijuana use
of 80
twelfth 70
graders
60
50
40
Used marijuana
30
20
10
0
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year
35. Near-Death Experiences
Near-Death
Experience
an altered state of
consciousness
reported after a close
brush with death
often similar to drug-
induced
hallucinations
36. Near-Death Experiences
Dualism
the presumption that mind and
body are two distinct entities that
interact
Monism
the presumption that mind and
body are different aspects of the
same thing