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introduction to prolog ,,, this notes of course in prolog
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- 1. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @Prolog @òÌÜÛ@Ý†ß @ @Zò߆Խa אġ× אª Programing in א Alan ę W PROLOG א ×و ج Ęذ א א Úو م وª ن K هذ א مא א م وKLogic . Colmeraur نħ ª א Ġ אĞ אª א ª ġ @ @ZProlog@òÌÛ@paŒî¾ W K و Kאج אª א אª א ×و ج א د ل وאªא و א وא א אħ L ل א Ksimplisiy in coding ġ× א وذESource CodeF אم × وذDepugging K א K א Ġא ×א א ود و و ğ אª Kª א لא L א ĩL وאØ א وאKTracing Facility م م א א ×א ª وאª א אد א L ز אªא ğوא L × אġ× אª و א ĩL א وCopilation ħ د א א א K ĩً × وאbit-wise ودوאل א L ª وא א ğوאل א @ @ZProlog@òÌÛ@¿@Statements@Ýà¦a@pbãìØß @ @@ZÕöbÔy@Facts@OQ ğ وאProlog ª و א א א א ġ وHead س وú وא ن ğ אĩو predicate KEArgumentsF Head (Arguments) E وא W 1 Predicate F W א prolog Clauses father (mohamed,ali). ğً א ĩ ī وא
- 2. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @@Z†ÇaìÓ@Rules@OR K ğل ج وא א W ĩ א ل א א ن ذא ali likes ahmed noha likes sami aser likes noha Wن و yaser likes everything noha likes ن و د ل yaser likes sami Wprolog ĩ likes (ali,ahmed). likes (noha,sami). likes (aser,noha). likes(yaser,X) :- likes(noha,X). ú ن א ذא likes(yaser,sami). KYes وTrue ن وKن و ن وא ª אĞن א و وא אذאW ً Ğא father (ahmed,ali). father(salman,ahmed). grandfather(X,Y):-father(X,Z),father(Z,Y). ل א ğ אª نא ج KĦ @ @@ZòÜ÷c@Queries@OS K א א وא وא ğא م ğ א א ě Prolog ğא Ø ħ ن א Kª وאE ن Fن و ن א ل א W grandfather(salman,ali). 2 א و وא
- 3. Muhammad Siddig H. KYes ğא א @ @Data Typer in Prolog@pbãbîjÛa@Êaìãc Ĝ ġ× אª simple Wن ª ن ī אع Ĝ prolog K lixical elements אØ و אKComplex structure وstructure ZConstants@oiaìrÛa@OQ م و و אúو ğא • א وWAtoms ªא a..z,A..Z,!@#$%^*()_+ز KReal و integer WNumber م א • א @ @ZVariables@paÌn½a@OR Upper-case letter Ù אú د ?_? א אم א אم א ج א ªאÙ א א وEX,Y, M , Who, WhereF KAnonymous variable لÓ אÙ א Ù @ @prolog@òÌÛ@ÝîÌ’m Start All programs SWI-Prolog Prolog א א Prolog ن WProlog ª אن و úא א א Òא وªא Ĝ א و Kprolog ª א وא وKnowldege-Base אª אĠא 3 א א Ø وא ğא و و א
- 4. Muhammad Siddig H. م File Òن א א New… א وאFile אL وECreate New Prolog SourceF Òم א ğز א Save م Name א א Ġ א ğא א א و אª K א א Save Buffer א ğא و File א L ªא ع K وذ א و אCompile Buffer א ğ وL مĩ Compile 4 L א وא م K אªא א א א א KMake א
- 5. Muhammad Siddig H. ZSearch Mechanism @szjÛa@pbîvîmaa @ @Z´Žîö‰@´àŽÓ@µg@Prolog@¿@szjÛa@pbîvîmaa@áŽÔäm @bß@ìçë@…ìäjÛaë@pajÈnÛa@´ië@bç‹aŠyg@lìÜĐ½a@Òa†çþa@´i@ÕÏaìnÛa@òîÜàÇ@óÜÇ@Ýàn’í@ZÞëþa@áŽÔÛa@MQ @ @NHUnificationI@†îyìnÛa@òîÜàÈi@ÒŠÈí @ @ZÙÛ‡@|™ìí@ïÛbnÛa@Þbr½aë likes (ali,ahmed). likes (noha,sami). likes (aser,noha). @ @ZÒ†a@æb×ë @ @likes(X,Y). ن ªאÙ א د Ù ن א X,Y א ğא Ù א YوX W Ĩ ú א ě א ªאÙ א א وא X=aser X=ali Y=noha ú א X=noha Y=sami Y=ahmed אس وذ א دאĨ ªאÙ א א Kú وא ذא ن EClausesF د وא Ğא نא א אlikes E ġ وú Ħ אF א Wن KĦ ğ א K Ğ ود אğد א KĦ 5 Ħ زو و א وא ú ود אğد א אúא א אJ J J
- 6. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @NbèÔîÔ¤@ëc@Òa†çþa@‹aŠy⁄@Þìܧa@åÇ@szjÛa@¿@áØznm@Ñî×@òa‰…@óÜÇ@Ýàn’íë@ZïãbrÛa@áŽÔÛa@MR @ @ZÙÛ‡@|™ìí likes (ali,ahmed). likes (noha,sami). likes (aser,noha). @ @ZÒ†a@æb×ë likes(aser,Y). ذאÙ א ل ğא ú א Øم א Í ذאK Ĝ ú א و د وא א א ًو ú ن א אú و د א م ú א ª א @ @ïÐܨa@ÝŽÜŽnÛaë@ïßbßþa@ÝŽÜŽnÛa @ @@ZForward tracking@@ïßbßþa@ÝŽÜŽnÛa و Ğ א ğא و Ĩ و ل א אØ א א ª ĩ א א אم א א وú אħ ل K א و @ @ZBacktracking @ïÐܨa@ÝŽÜŽnÛa ě وאProlog Øم א وאªא د א ن א ī نא 6 אª א א אĞ ذא م مو د א و ª ħ א Ġא ĩو א אª א × ģو א א نħ úא א مא ن א ذא و א א K
- 7. Muhammad Siddig H. ª ěو אú אħ Ġא دو א . Wא ل دא م ¯ א ĝ א ěو א وª א א د א ل א location(desk, office). location(apple, kitchen). location(flashlight, desk). location('washing machine', cellar). location(nani, 'washing machine'). location(broccoli, kitchen). location(crackers, kitchen). location(computer, office). مא א ن Location(apple, kitchen). W א Eú אF م ğ م א ً و א א א ú ğ אħ א ن وJ عא א م א W د א Ğא א • א و J EUNIFICATIONF Ğא אĞא و وX=apple د א א و Øא د Ëو و Ğ א ول א Ğ ģ אĞ ذא א و א د א Ğא ħא و א KTrue א א و • و وX Ù א ğא א אĞא X=broccali و א م א א و א Z†ÇaìÔÛa@òÛby@¿@ïÐܨa@ÉjnnÛa clerk(mohamed). clerk(adam). typist(ali). manager(salih). manager(omar). super(X,Y):- manager(X), clerk(Y). super(X,Y):- clerk(Y), typist(Y). super(X,Y):- manager(X), typist(Y). super(Super,ali). 7 W א א ن و
- 8. Muhammad Siddig H. א Øא א ول وK X=ali Ğن א א אم א وclerk(adam) نħא و א وY=mohamed אل א ول وא אħ و KX=omar ن Ğא قא א K • Ğא Øא ğ אħ ل Øم א א א د א א manager(omer) א managerEXF ن clerk(Y) Ġא ħא و א و ª א א Ğא א K א Ġא وא Ġא و ¯א א א īو Prolog א אم ×א א א دא א ×א ×א אú Ġא ĩ אú ×א ęª EF د دא א ĩ א دون وK א א W אĞً א Factorial (0,1),!. GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG Ħ Ħ ل ğ א ن وאĦ א road('A','C',200). road('A','D',300). road('C','D',100). road('C','B',120). road('D','B',130). route(Town1,Town2,Dist):road(Town1,Town2,Dist). route(Town1,Town2,Dis):road(Town1,X,Dist1), route(X,Town2,Dist2), Dis is Dist1+Dist2. W route (City1,City2,Distance). א ú ن א W ذא אú אª route(A,B,X). GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 8
- 9. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @Lists@áöaìÔÛa K ª אم א א א []Ħ אª Ħ K[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] ً سאú وKTail K K[X|Y] ً K א دא א א وא א س وאĦ KMatching א E|F אĦ א א א K وאHead א سĦ א • ×א ħ אĦ • א א ول • אProlog م ً دא א member(member_name,[member1,member2]). W א א א ض نØ אW ً [mohamed,ali,suliman,hamdan,mohmoud] א و W × אØ אú א مali member(ali,[mohamed,ali,suliman,hamdan,mahmoud]). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------م אěو سאĦ א אú ذא ن א W אú א member(Name,[mohamed | _ ]). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------@ @NòŽÜ@Þì@Êbu‰hi@âìÔí@Prolog@wßbãŠi mylength([],0). mylength([_|Tail], Len) :mylength(Tail, TailLen), Len is TailLen + 1. KX=0. Ø ن אmylength([],X). ú ذא ن א KX=7. Øن א mylength([a,b,c,d,e,f,g],X). ú ن א ذא @ @ZòÜŽÜ@¿@ñ…ìuì½a@Š•bäÈÛa@Éà€@âìÔí@Prolog@wßbãŠi sum([],0). sum([Head|Tail],X):sum(Tail,TailSum), X is Head+TailSum. KSum=6 9 Øن א sum([1,2,3],Sum). ú ن א ذא
- 10. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @Recursion@‰aŠØnÛa א Ĩ و א א א K Ğ ل א N! د אªو وא ª ğ Prolog ª א א × אWً W א factorial (0,1). factorial (N,Res) :N1, N1 is N-1, factorial(N1,FacN1), Res is N*FacN1. W אØ factorial(2,Answer). Answer=2. אú א Øن د א @ @Zòî™bíŠÛa@pbîÜàÈÛa False وTrue E=F و א ً WProlog نא د E35F ª ª is Ø אªא א وא ª 2?- X is 3+5. X=8. 3?- X is 3-5. X= -2. 4?- X is 3/5. X=0.6. 5?- X is 3*5. X=15. 10 א Øن א אĦ ن W ذא א W א ذא א W 1?- X=3+5. X=3+5. K א ن و א Øא ن Øא ن Øא ن Øא ن
- 11. Muhammad Siddig H. @ @òî™bíŠÛa@Þaë†Ûa @ @ZïÈîiÛa@‰ˆ¦a@òÛa… 1?- sqrt(10,X). X=3.1622776601683795 Øא ن @ @ïÈîjĐÛa@áríŠËìÜÛa@òÛa… 2?- log(1,X). X=1.0. Øא ن @ @HLNI@QP@÷bÿÛ@áríŠËìÜÛa@òÛa… 3?- log10(1,X). X=0.301029995. Øא ن @ @@òÔÜĐ½a@òàîÔÛa@òÛa… 4?- abs(-3,X). X=3. Øא ن @ @ZòàŽÔÛa@ïÓbi@òÛa… 5?- X is 10 mod 20. X=10. Øא ن @ @òîrÜr½a@Þaë†Ûa @ @kî¦a@òÛa… 6?- sin(0,X). X=0.0. Øא ن @ @âbànÛa@kîu@òÛa… 7?- cos(0,X). X=1.0. Øא ن دא א 8?-tan(0,X). X=0.0. Øא ن @ @ 11