The document discusses the main hardware components of a computer system: the motherboard, which holds other components and provides connections; the processor, which interprets instructions; memory, which temporarily stores data and programs; input and output devices, which allow entry and display of data; storage, such as hard disks, for permanent storage; and adapter cards, which provide additional ports and functionality.
4. System Unit
Case that contains electronic components of the
computer used to process data.
5. Components of System Unit
Motherboard
power supply drive bays
Drive Bays
Power Supply
processor
Casing
memory
ports
sound card
modem card video card
network card
6. 2.5.1 Motherboard
Main circuit board of the system unit.
The functions of the motherboard are:
Holds many components of the system.
Provides connectors for other peripherals.
8. Processor Slot
Slot on the motherboard that houses a CPU and
forms the electrical interface with the CPU.
9. Memory Slots
Slots on the motherboard that hold memory
modules.
To connect RAM and get faster of the performance
of computer.
10. Adapter Cards Slots
Slots on the motherboard that can hold adapter
cards.
For adding more memory, graphics capabilities and
support for special devices.
AGP slot
PCI slot
11. Cont…
Types of adapter card slots:
PCI - to connect devices such as
network cards, sound cards, modems,
extra ports such as USB or serial TV
tuner cards and disk controllers.
AGP - specifically designed for
graphics adapters.
12. 2.5.2 Processor
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Describe the functions of processor.
• List the steps in a machine cycle.
13. 2.5.2 Processor / CPU
An electronic component on a computer’s
motherboard.
Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer.
CPU speeds is measured gigahertz (GHz).
15. Control Unit
Directs and coordinates most of the operations in
the computer.
For each instruction, the control unit repeats a set
of 4 basic operations known as machine cycle.
16. Arithmetic Logic Unit
Performs arithmetic, and logical operations.
Arithmetic operation - +, -, X and /.
Logical operation - ==, >=, <= and others.
17. Machine Cycle
The operations performed by the CPU to execute
any instruction.
It consist of 4 operations:
Fetch – fetches the instructions from memory.
Decode – decodes the instructions and sends
the instructions to the ALU.
Execute – ALU performs the actual operations.
Store – the result are stored in memory.
19. 2.5.3 Memory
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Explain the function of memory.
• Identify different types of memory.
• Differentiate between RAM and ROM.
20. 2.5.3 Memory
Consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor.
21. Types of Memory
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
22. RAM
Can be read from and written to by processor.
Volatile - will lost its contents when the power is
turned off.
Holds data or programs that are currently being
used by the processor.
RAM chips are assembled on a small circuit board
called memory module which is plugged onto the
memory slots.
23. Types of RAM
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
SRAM (Static RAM)
MRAM (Magnetoresistive RAM)
24. ROM
Data is prerecorded for read only and cannot be
removed.
Non volatile - will keep its contents even when the
power is turned off.
Contain a small startup program (BIOS) which is
used to boot the computer.
Exists as a chip on the motherboard.
25. Types of ROM
PROM (Programmable ROM)
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable
ROM)
26. 2.5.4 Input and Output Devices
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Explain types of input and output devices.
• Describe the functions of input and output devices.
27. 2.5.4 Input and Output Devices
Input - any data and instructions entered into a
memory of a computer.
Output - data that has been processed into a
useful form.
28. Cont…
Input device - any hardware component that
allows users to enter data and
instructions into a computer.
Output device - any hardware component that
conveys information to
people.
30. Keyboard
Input device that contains keys users press to enter
data and instructions into a computer.
Types of keyboard:
Keyboard ergonomics
Wireless
function keys
typing area
status light
arrow keys
numeric keypad
31. Wireless or Cordless Keyboard
Transmits data using wireless technology.
Communicate with a receiver attached to a port on
the system unit.
32. Ergonomic Keyboard
Design that reduces the chance of wrist and hands
injuries.
The goal of ergonomics is to incorporate comfort,
efficiency and safety in the design of the
workspace.
33. Pointing Devices
Input device that allows a user to control a pointer
on the screen.
A pointing device can be used to:
Move the insertion point;
Select text, graphics and other objects;
Click buttons, icons, links and menu commands.
35. Mouse
Pointing device that fits under the palm of your
hand.
Types of mouse:
Mechanical mouse
Optical mouse
Laser mouse
Air mouse mouse buttons
wheel button
Wireless mouse
ball
mouse pad
36. Optical Mouse
Device that emits and sense light to detect the
mouse‘s movement.
Does not require cleaning but it is more expensive.
37. Wireless Mouse
Is a battery-powered device that transmits data
using wireless technology such as radio waves
(Bluetooth) or infrared light waves (IrDA).
38. Trackball
Is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top
or side.
A trackball requires frequent cleaning because it
picks up oils from fingers and dust from the
environment.
39. Touchpad
Is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is
sensitive to pressure and motion.
Are found most often on notebook computers.
40. Touch Screen
Is a touch-sensitive display device.
Users can interact with touch screens by touching
area of the screens.
41. Pen Input
Users write, draw and tap on the flat surface to
enter data.
Examples of pen input:
Stylus
Digital pen
Signature capture pad
Stylus
Digital
pen
42. Audio Input
Is the process of entering any sound into the
computer such as speech, music and sound
effects.
43. Video Input
Is the process of capturing full-motion images and
storing them on a computer’s storage medium.
Use digital signals.
44. Scanners
Capture data from a source document, which is the
original form of the data.
Types of scanners:
Flatbed
Pen or handheld
Sheet-Fed
Drum
45. Optical Readers
Is a device that uses a light source to read
characters, marks and codes and then converts
them into digital data that a computer can process.
Technologies used by optical readers are:
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
46. Bar Code Readers
Is an optical reader that uses laser beams to read
bar codes by using lights patterns that pass
through the bar code lines.
47. RFID Readers
Radio Frequency Identification Reader is a
technology that uses radio signals to communicate
with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an
animal or a person.
48. Magnetic Stripe Card Readers
Reads the magnetic stripe on the back of credit
cards, entertainment cards, bank cards and other
similar cards.
49. MICR Readers
Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition Reader reads
text printed with magnetized ink.
Converts MICR characters into a form the computer
can process.
Used by the banking industry – cheque processing.
50. Biometric Input
Technology of authenticating a person’s identity by
verifying a personal characteristic.
Examples of biometric technology are:
Fingerprints
Hand geometry
Facial features
Voice
Signatures
Eye patterns
51. Types of Output Device
Display devices
Printers
Audio output device
Data projector
52. Display Devices
An output device that visually conveys text,
graphics and video information.
Types of display devices are:
CRT monitor
LCD monitor
Plasma monitor
53. CRT Monitors
A desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube
(CRT).
It is less expensive.
54. LCD Monitors
A desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display
to produce images.
Produce sharp and flicker free images.
55. Plasma Monitors
A display device that uses gas plasma technology.
Offer larger screen sizes and high-quality display.
56. Printers
An output device that produces text and graphics
on a physical medium such as paper.
Types of printer are:
Impact printers
Nonimpact printers
57. Impact Printers
Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper
by striking a mechanism against an inked ribbon
that physically contacts the paper.
Widely used for business.
58. Nonimpact Printers
Forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper
without actually striking the paper.
Commonly used nonimpact printers are:
Ink-jet printers
Photo printers
Laser printers
Thermal printers
Mobile printers
Label and postage printers
Plotters
Large-format printers
59. Ink-Jet Printers
Spray tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper.
Can print – black / white and several different
colors.
Resolution – measured by dpi (dots per inch).
Dot – a drop of ink (the higher dpi, the
smaller drops of ink).
Speed - measured by ppm (pages per
minute).
60. Laser Printers
Used a laser beam and powdered ink to transfer
images onto paper.
Is a high-speed and high quality nonimpact printer.
61. Plotters
Are sophisticated printers used to produce high-
quality drawings such as blue-prints, maps and
circuit diagrams.
Are used in specialized fields such as engineering
and drafting and usually are very costly.
62. Audio Output Device
A component of a computer that produce music,
speech or other sound.
Three commonly used audio output devices are:
Speakers
Headphones
Earbuds
63. Data Projectors
A device that takes the text and images displaying
on a computer screen and projects them on a
larger screen.
64. 2.5.5 Storage
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Explain the types of storage.
• Describe the functions of storage.
• Differentiate between primary and secondary storage.
65. 2.5.4 Storage
Holds data, instructions and information for future
use.
Types of storage are:
Primary storage
Secondary storage
66. Primary Storage
Often referred to as memory.
Stores instructions and data that are directly
accessible by CPU.
68. Secondary Storage
To store data and programs when they are not
being processed.
Stores files permanently.
Available in the form of hard disk, CD, USB drive,
etc.
69. Types of Secondary Storage
Magnetic storage
Optical disc
Solid State Drive (SSD)
70. Magnetic Storage
Uses different patterns of magnetization on a
magnetically coated surface to store information.
Examples of magnetic storage are:
o Hard Disk
o Floppy disk
o Tape
71. Hard Disk
High-capacity storage.
Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that
store items electronically.
Components enclosed in airtight, sealed case for
protection.
72. Magnetic Tape
One of the first storage used with mainframe
computer.
It's a thin plastic tape that has been coated with
substance that can be magnetized.
Mainly used for backup.
73. Optical Disc
Stores information in deformities on the surface of
a circular disc and reads this information by
illuminating the surface with a laser diode and
observing the reflection.
Types of optical disk are:
o Compact Disc (CD)
o Digital Video Disc (DVD)
o Blu-ray Disc (BD)
74. Compact Disc
Used to store digital data.
A common storage format used for audio.
Types of CD:
o CD-ROM
o CD-R
o CD-RW
75. Digital Video Disc
Used mainly as video and data storage.
Holds over 7 times a CD’s capacity.
Types of DVD are:
o DVD-ROM
o DVD-R
o DVD-RW
76. Blu-Ray Disc
Refers to the "blue laser" used to read the disc.
Allows for six times more storage than a DVD.
77. Solid State Drive (SSD)
Data is retained in non-volatile memory chips and
contain no moving parts.
Small, lightweight and highly reliable.
Examples of SSD are:
o SmartMedia
o MicroSD
o Compact Flash
o Pen Drive
78. Differences Between Primary and
Secondary Storage
PRIMARY STORAGE SECONDARY STORAGE
•Limited capacity. •Extendible capacity.
•Store data temporarily. •Store data permanently.
•Expensive. •Cheaper.
•Fast data access. •Slower data access.
•Directly accessible to •Contents copied to main
the CPU. memory before being
accessed by CPU.
79. 2.5.6 Adapter Card
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• Explain the types of adapter cards.
• Describe the functions of adapters.
80. 2.5.6 Adapter Card
A circuit board that enhances functions of the
component of a system unit and/or provides
connections to peripherals (external devices).
81. Types of Adapter Cards
ADAPTER CARD PURPOSE
CableCARD Allows viewing of digital cable
television channels.
Disc controller Connects disk drives.
FireWire Connects to FireWire devices.
HDTV tuner Allows viewing of HDTV
broadcasts on the monitor.
MIDI Connects musical instruments.
82. Cont…
ADAPTER CARD PURPOSE
Modem Connects other computers
through telephone lines, cable
television lines, or other
transmission media.
Network Connects other computers and
peripherals.
PC-to-TV converter Connects a television.
Sound Connects speakers or a
microphone.
83. Cont…
ADAPTER CARD PURPOSE
TV tuner Allows viewing of television
channels on the monitor.
USB Connects to USB devices.
Video Connects a monitor.
Video capture Connects an analog video
camera or VCR.