What is Corrections?

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Corrections involves the administration of programs for treating and rehabilitating offenders, including penal custody, parole, and probation. It includes jails, prisons, and community corrections like probation and parole. Jails are local facilities that hold offenders with short sentences or awaiting trial, while prisons are state or federal facilities that incarcerate convicted offenders for long periods. Community corrections supervises offenders in the community through agencies, organizations, and programs.

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Corrections Marianne Early Unit 5 June 20, 2009

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Jails ,[object Object],Piedmont Regional Jail – located in Farmville, VA; serving the counties of Amelia, Buckingham, Cumberland, Lunenburg, Nottoway, & Prince Edward

Prisons ,[object Object],Brunswick Work Center McDonough, Jay. 2009, February 4. [Graphic]. California may be forced to release 52K inmates. Retrieved June 18, 2009 from Creative Commons database.

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CJUS 500 Presentation: Corrections (Part 2) Transcript Slide 1 Corrections are court imposed programs that allow offenders to serve out their sentences in the community as opposed to being incarcerated. Two major types of corrections in the community are probation and parole. Probation is regarded as a judicial function. Probation is considered a privilege because not all offenders will be sentenced to probation. The objective of probation is to offer offenders an opportunity to prove themselves and rehabilitate without incarceration. There are various types of probation programs. Many are considered intensive supervision programs. Intensive probation programs require closer surveillance for offenders who are considered high-risk. Probation can impose substantial burdens and should not be regarded as a lenient sanction. Offenders are subjected to many costs and fees associated with probation as well. Parole is considered an administrative function as opposed to a judicial function and involves early conditional release from incarceration. The purpose is to release inmates from incarceration and offers a cost-effective solution for the supervision of inmates for the remainder of their sentence. Like probation, parole is conducted in the community. Mandatory release laws require early release of offenders after they have served a specific amount of time incarcerated. Discretionary release requires that a parole board make the determination of eligibility to decide whether or not an offender is released from incarceration. Slide 2 Intermediate sanctions are punishments that allow offenders to remain in the community while on probation and serve as a diversionary tactic in lieu of incarceration. Intermediate sanctions are not necessarily considered true probation; however, they are structured to encourage participants take responsibility for their actions. Community service started in the late 1960s and is a popular form of probation. Community service allocates that offenders complete a specified number of of unpaid labor hours towards a community service. Restorative justice places the responsibility in the offender’s hands. The objective here is to allow the offender to accept responsibility and repair the harms they caused. Often times, this involves participating in mediation, which can help victims heal from trauma. Courts may require monetary compensation for losses experienced by the victim. This is known as restitution. Offenders may also be required to pay a myriad of fines for committing an offense, beyond restitution paid towards victims. Victim-offender mediation is generally considered a part of restorative justice. Victims and offenders will come together to discuss their feelings about the events and give offenders the opportunity to express remorse and apologies for their crimes. House arrest confines offenders to their home and is considered an intensive type of supervised probat.

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F O S T E R , C E D R I C 1 6 9 2 T S 1 Corrections in the Community. © 2011, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C h a p t e r 1 It is hard to identify the benefits inmates gain from prison, but the harm done there is readily seen. If you want to increase the crime problem, incite men to greater evil, and intensify criminal inclinations and proclivities, then lock violators up in prison for long periods, reduce their outside contacts, stigmatize them and block their lawful employment when released, all the while setting them at tutelage under the direction of more skilled and predatory criminals. I know of no better way to gain your ends than these. —Harry E. Allen Crime is everywhere, in all nations great and small and, in this nation. In the United States, crime is a violation of criminal statutes passed by elected repre- sentatives. These statutes are enforced by a variety of social control agencies, including law enforcement, prosecution, court, and postadjudication compo- nents (e.g., prisons, probation, and parole). These varied agencies and actions, along with their philosophical bases and objectives, are usually called the “criminal justice system.” No one imposed this specific set of agencies on the nation. We invented them ourselves and, if there is something amiss with an agency or mission, it can be changed. One fact about the American criminal justice system is that it The Criminal Justice System corrections community corrections criminal justice system incarceration intermediate sanctions parole prison probation Key terms F O S T E R , C E D R I C 1 6 9 2 T S C h a p t e r 1 : the Criminal Justice system2 is rapidly evolving and changing as a result of the volume of crime, emerg- ing national priorities, available funding, and changing political ideologies. Behaviors deemed particularly heinous in one epoch may become regulated, if not accepted, behavior in another. For example, the “Great Experiment” of prohibition attempted to protect our national character and youth, increase productivity, lessen collateral problems of idleness, and improve the moral fiber of those using alcohol. It was later abandoned as a national crusade; earlier twentieth century law enforcement efforts instead lapsed into strate- gies to regulate alcohol as a controlled substance, concerned only in large part with keeping alcohol out of the hands of youthful consumers and col- lecting taxes. One component of the criminal justice system is corrections, defined earlier as “postadjudication processing of convicted criminal offenders.” This definition, if it were ever adequate, probably best fits the correctional scene of the early twentieth century, when the major sentencing options available to sentencing courts were committing the offender to prison or granting probation. In fact, the study of postadjudication processing of criminal law offenders was, until about 1969, commonly referred to a ...

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c h a p t e r 1 4 Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization CHAPTER OUTLINE JUVENILE PROBATION Historical Development Expanding Community Treatment Contemporary Juvenile Probation Organization and Administration Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers PROBATION INNOVATIONS Intensive Supervision Electronic Monitoring Balanced Probation Restitution Residential Community Treatment What Does This Mean to Me? Community Treatment for Juvenile Offenders: Not in My Backyard SECURE CORRECTIONS History of Juvenile Institutions JUVENILE INSTITUTIONS TODAY: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE Population Trends Physical Conditions THE INSTITUTIONALIZED JUVENILE Male Inmates Female Inmates CORRECTIONAL TREATMENT FOR JUVENILES Individual Treatment Techniques: Past and Present Group Treatment Techniques Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs Wilderness Programs Juvenile Boot Camps THE LEGAL RIGHT TO TREATMENT The Struggle for Basic Civil Rights JUVENILE AFTERCARE Supervision Aftercare Revocation Procedures Preventing and Treating Delinquency: Using the Intensive Aftercare Program (IAP) Model CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter you should: 1. Be able to distinguish between community treatment and institutional treatment for juvenile offenders. 2. Be familiar with the disposition of probation, including how it is administered and by whom and recent trends in its use compared with other dispositions. 3. Be aware of new approaches for providing probation services to juvenile offenders and comment on their effectiveness in reducing recidivism. 4. Understand key historical develop- ments of secure juvenile corrections in this country, including the prin- ciple of least restrictive alternative. 5. Be familiar with recent trends in the use of juvenile institutions for juvenile offenders and how their use differs across states. 6. Understand key issues facing the institutionalized juvenile offender. 7. Be able to identify the various juvenile correctional treatment approaches that are in use today and comment on their effectiveness in reducing recidivism. 8. Know the nature of aftercare for juvenile offenders. 337 Co ur te sy o f C N N Juvenile Delinquency: The Core COPYRIGHT © 2005 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc 338 C H A P T E R 1 4 There is a wide choice of correctional treatments available for juveniles, which can be subdivided into two major categories: community treatment and institutional treatment. Community treatment refers to efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need. These efforts include probation; treatment services (such as individual and group counseling); restitution; and other programs. The term community treatment also refers to the use of privately maintained residences, such as foster homes, small-group homes, and boarding schools, which are located in the community. Nonresidential programs, where youths remain in their ...

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250 words each Question Question 1. Fundamentally jails and prisons are the same in that most are secure facilities that house individuals who are thought to have committed a crime or convicted of a crime. Locally, most jails are county jails with some municipalities having a jail as well. Prisons are state or federal facilities. While jails and prisons are similar, their purposes differ significantly. Local jails house individuals arrested for committing a crime(s). They are transported to jail by an area law enforcement agency where they are booked and confined in lieu of a bond. Just about all those arrested are allowed to post bail while some of the more serious offenders and those unable to post a bond must go before a judge for arraignment within a determinant amount of time typically 48 hours. During the appearance, the judge will advise the offender of the charges they are accused of and those that do not have a bond will be provided one by the judge. Those that have the ability to post bail will do so while those that cannot stay in jail awaiting trial. Local jails are meant to house individuals who are awaiting trial or are serving a short sentence that does not require incarceration in prison. There are many more people in prisons on any given day, but there are 18 times more individuals that pass-through jails in a year’s time Copp and Bales (2018). With an often-changing population, jails are routinely faced with issues that most prisons are not. Jails are faced with transporting those incarcerated to and from court proceedings, medical facilities, and assessing new arrivals on a moment’s notice. Jails have programs aimed at addressing an inmate’s needs, but most are not very extensive due to the relatively short stay. Pretrial incarceration is often thought unfair as those without the means to post a bond remain in jail awaiting trial while those with money are released pretrial after posting a bond. Prisons are either state or federal. They house individuals who have been convicted of a crime that is worthy of the punishment of imprisonment usually longer than a year. Offenders are delivered to prison after conviction and sentencing by a court. State prisons house those convicted of state crimes in state courts while federal prisons house federal prisoners sentenced in federal courts. Prisons consist of the most secure maximum-security federal prison to a relatively insecure state facility that houses nonviolent prisoners that are nearing the end of their sentence. Prisons are better able to assess the individual needs of an inmate and then provide programs that are aimed at rehabilitation primarily because of the longer term of incarceration. Over the years, prisons have evolved from establishments of punishment to institutions with an investment in programming relating to academics and reentry Phelps (2011). Prison employees consist of correctional officers tasked with overseeing the daily activities of the inmates to pr.

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Corrections in America Fisher College Criminal Justice Program Robert Boomhower 2020 * Basics of CorrectionsJail, pre-trial detention, or awaiting arraignment or bail House of Correction, sentence of Less than 2.5 years Prison, sentence of MORE than 2.5 years *13 Jails in 14 counties, only Nantucket County does not have a jail/house of correction. There are 344 lockups in Massachusetts. A lockup belongs to the police departments (state & local) as well as dept of youth services and dept of mental healthHouse of Corrections, again, 13 of the 14 Counties have a House of Correction. The latest figures available (2009) indicate that there are 15,229 inmates being housed in County Jails and Houses of CorrectionThere are 18 Prison Facilities in Massachusetts under the direction of the Dept of Correction, with varying degrees of security, from Pre-Release to SuperMax, as of this morning, the DOC had 11,893 inmates under their control, with over 3800 corrections officers “holding down the fort”. 8% (942) are doing “life w/o parole” 92% will be released eventually 41.2% of those with no supervision 23.3% on parole 24.3% on probation 12.2% on both parole & probation The Purpose of CorrectionsCriminal sanctions in America have been based on FOUR schools of thought throughout the years. Sanctions changed as attitudes and correctional practices changed and society evolved. * Criminal sanctions and the “schools of thought” behind them change appox. Every 60 years. Beliefs come from culture and religion as well as social issues at a given time. Society seems to find a “Crime of the Decade” in which laws are passed, editorials are written and punishments become more severe. Examples of this are Operating Under the Influence, Domestic Violence, Drugs, and Elderly Abuse just to name a few. The Purpose of CorrectionsRetribution: a belief that criminals deserved to be punished. An “eye for an eye” as spelled out in the Bible and other early writings. A belief among the Puritans that landed here in 1620, that was derived from English Laws and became the foundation of corrections in America. * Normally a belief held by many religions that take a hard line approach to a persons behavior. This attitude was brought here by the pilgrims who were escaping religious persecution in England. Has a firm basis in English Common Law also known as the “Kings Laws”, and eventually found its way into colonial law. The Purpose of CorrectionsDeterrence: punishment that was severe enough so that the criminal and society in general, would not commit that or any type of crime again. * 20 lashes with a whip for stealing food, 3 days in the “stocks” for being drunk on the Sabbath. (Colonial America) In some cultures at some times the punishment was more severe. How about hanging for horse thievery? (United States) Having a finger or hand cut off for stealing. (Muslim) How about being stoned to death for Adultery? (Hindu) .

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