The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) is a regional Examining Body which was established to administer examinations in sixteen Participating Territories. There is no other Awarding Body that develops syllabuses and manages examinations for numerous sovereign states. Developing and managing examinations for multiple territories takes skill and presents innumerable challenges: For example:(1)The development of syllabuses and question papers must respect the concerns of a multicultural region;(2)The introduction of educational innovations and the challenge of „selling‟ them to a doubtful public; (3) developing tests that respond to regional needs. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a review of the operation of the Council over the past 30 years, to assess the challenges faced by the organisation and to determine whether it has successfully redirected, restructured and remodeled the public examinations systems in the Caribbean. The data has shown inter alia that although the challenges have been considerable, the Council has been able to mitigate the issues by responding effectively to potential threats.

1. THE CHALLENGE OF MANAGING PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS IN A
REGIONAL COLLABORATION CONSTRUCT
Paper presented at the 37th
International Association for Educational
Assessment Conference, 23rd
– 28th
October 2011, Manila, Philippines
Key Words: 1. Caribbean 2. Structure 3. Basic 4. Profiles, 5. Syllabus
Presenter
Susan Giles
Senior Assistant Registrar – Examinations Administration & Security
Caribbean Examinations Council
Block A, The Garrison, St. Michael
Barbados
sgiles@cxc.org
ABSTRACT
The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) is a regional Examining Body which was
established to administer examinations in sixteen Participating Territories. There is no other
Awarding Body that develops syllabuses and manages examinations for numerous sovereign
states. Developing and managing examinations for multiple territories takes skill and
presents innumerable challenges: For example:(1)The development of syllabuses and
question papers must respect the concerns of a multicultural region;(2)The introduction of
educational innovations and the challenge of „selling‟ them to a doubtful public; (3)
developing tests that respond to regional needs. The purpose of this paper is to present the
findings of a review of the operation of the Council over the past 30 years, to assess the
challenges faced by the organisation and to determine whether it has successfully redirected,
restructured and remodeled the public examinations systems in the Caribbean. The data has
shown inter alia that although the challenges have been considerable, the Council has been
able to mitigate the issues by responding effectively to potential threats.

2. 2
I do not think that anyone imagines that the task of the Caribbean Examinations Council will
be an easy one. This body will have to develop and master skills acquired by the Overseas
Examinations Bodies after more than a century of trial and error. It will have to break down
prejudices which blindly accept the imported as superior to the local product…….There is
every reason to believe that this new venture in education will also be successful. (Barrow
1973)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Rationale
The establishment of a regional body charged with the responsibility of conducting external
examinations was a major development in the Caribbean where a high premium is placed on
educational achievement and where regional governments spend significant sums annually on
education services.
The movement for a Caribbean Examination was discussed as far back as 1956 when
proposals for establishing a Federal Government of the English-speaking Caribbean would
have been considered. It was also fuelled by agitation from regional teachers who felt that
Caribbean students were being penalized by a structure of examinations that tested British
and European subject matter. There is the well known story about a French Language
examination set by a British Examining Board where Caribbean students were asked to
translate a piece about Central Heating equipment - a topic and vocabulary foreign to our
candidates – needless to say, they performed poorly on that paper.
The experiment in Federal Government was short lived (1958-62) but the establishment of a
regional examining body was an idea in which the governments of the four major territories
Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago never lost interest. (Moore 1973). The
creation of regional bodies such as the Caribbean Free Trade Area (CARIFTA), its successor
the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and functional cooperation across the region
sustained that interest. Several meetings to discuss the concept of a regional examinations
Council were held between 1964 and 1971. In 1967 one of the conference resolutions
widened the dimension of the project to include the entire Commonwealth or English-
speaking Caribbean, and in 1971 agreement was reached on the location of the Headquarters
and on sharing of the costs of the operation. (Moore 1973) In 1973, fifteen Governments
signed on to the Agreement establishing the Council and several years later the last territory
joined.
The Caribbean Examinations Council was established to replace the Overseas external bodies
that offered examinations in the region for many years, However, regional thinkers at the
time warned that its establishment should be regarded as more than a change of examining
bodies, but as “part of a conscious effort by regional governments to restructure, redirect and
remodel the schools systems of the Caribbean”. (Demas1973). This paper aims to discover
how the examinations managed by the Caribbean Examinations Council, have restructured,
redirected and remodeled the public examination systems in the 16 Participating Territories
that subscribe to its examinations.

3. 3
2.0 BACKGROUND
The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) is a regionally funded non-profit examining
board established in 1972. CXC receives subventions from 16 Participating Governments -
its primary stakeholders but its main operating budget comes from the examination fees from
candidates of all the countries involved. CXC was established to set examinations regionally
at all levels and nationally as requested by any government and to maintain standards that
ensure regional and international acceptance of its certification. CXC‟s first task therefore,
was to replace the traditional Ordinary and Advanced level examinations offered by the
British Boards with examinations that were more relevant to the needs of the region while
ensuring that high standards were maintained. In 2005 CXC expanded this mandate to
include the award of Associate Degrees.
In 1979 CXC offered, for the first time, the Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate
(CSEC), examinations to the 16+ cohort and has become the market leader in the English-
Speaking Caribbean for this level of examination. In 1998 CXC implemented its mandate for
the 18+ cohort by introducing the first examinations for the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency
Examination (CAPE) which is offered in two units, and now dominates at that level of
examination in the region.
Since 1977 CXC has developed over 60 syllabuses for CSEC examinations, 46 for CAPE
Units 1 & 2, and 5 syllabuses for the Caribbean Certificate of Secondary Level Competence
(CCSLC) the first examinations for which were written in 2007. CXC also offers an
Associate Degree for candidates writing certain combinations of the CAPE examinations and
may be the first degree-granting examination body. In 2006 CXC also introduced the
Caribbean Vocational Qualification (CVQ) to its suite of technical vocational offerings.
In 2011 CXC examined over 250,000 candidates at two sittings with 5000 teachers involved
in the script marking. National examination services at the primary level are also provided
for four regional governments.
2.1 Structure of the Council
Council and its sub-Committees the Administrative and Finance Committee have
responsibility for inter alia, overall policy and management and matters such as Finances,
staffing, and accommodation. The Schools Examinations Committee (SEC) and its sub-
Committees SUBSEC and FAC are responsible for, inter alia, the policy and technical
matters related to the examinations, e.g. grading, the appointment of Examining Committees,
Moderators, Examiners and the syllabus development activity. The Headquarters office,
which also subsumes the Administrative Centre for the Eastern Caribbean, is located in
Barbados. The Jamaica office is the Administrative Centre for the Western Zone area which
includes Belize, Jamaica, Cayman Islands and the Turks and Caicos Islands. The office there
has full responsibility for syllabus development and from 2009 the name was changed to
Syllabus and Curriculum Development to reflect the new thinking in the CXC transformation
process. CXC depends heavily on regional resource persons/consultants to supervise the
question paper setting and script marking activities and to provide direction on the subject
panels. They, together with the highly trained and qualified full time specialist staff maintains
the high quality of its product.
There is a Local Registrar in each Ministry of Education who acts as the CXC agent in the
territory and is responsible for the administration of the examinations, the registration of
candidates, the local security of the question papers, appointment of invigilators, collection of

4. 4
fees and forwarding same to the CXC. Local Registrars, who are employees of the regional
governments, receive no fee or stipend from CXC, nevertheless operate as an integral part of
the CXC structure.
3.0 EARLY CHALLENGES
In 1979 when the first CSEC examinations were written, the 13 regional governments which
offered candidates directed that all eligible students in government controlled secondary
schools should write the examinations. This was 90% of the regional school population. This
directive provided CXC with a captive market and made its operations viable. However,
while Governments directed their schools to write the new examination, they also mandated
CXC to prepare the examination timetable in such a way as to allow candidates to also
register and write the examinations offered by the Overseas Boards.
It was not until 1981 that the first five subjects introduced in 1979 could be offered
concurrently with those offered by the Overseas Boards. This was seen as a way of
appeasing those schools and their administrators that had objected to the caribbeanisation of
regional education and who preferred to hold on to things British. It could also be regarded as
an insurance policy for those governments who were uncertain about the success of the new
Body. This situation reflected the continuing interest of the Overseas Boards in the Caribbean
market and a failure by CXC to mount an early and aggressive public information campaign
on its objectives and offerings. That effort began in 1979 only months before the start of the
new examinations.
3.1 Recognition
Recognition of the CXC examinations also proved a considerable challenge. In several of the
territories, concern was demonstrated about the acceptance of CXC qualifications
internationally. It had been reported to CXC that students who had gone to Canada after
writing CXC examinations had found that the qualification was not accepted by certain
Canadian High Schools or Universities. Five years after the first examinations and during the
evaluation of the USAID teacher training project in 1984, the Evaluators reported that they
found, among students, significant pockets of concern about the acceptance of the CXC
qualification. They recommended that CXC target the high schools and universities in a high
profile public relations campaign, and negotiate agreements with North American institutions
to ensure full acceptance of the qualifications. (Final Report USAID 1984)
It is evident that CXC followed the recommendations made by the Evaluators. Subsequent
issues of the CXC annual report and CXC publications such as the CXC News (now the
Examiner) show an ongoing campaign to ensure international acceptance. There is now very
little issue with respect to recognition of all of the CXC qualifications in the traditional
markets for Caribbean students. In 1999 the National Academic Records Information Centre
(NARIC), a UK clearing house on qualifications, reported that they were impressed by the
content and structure of the Advanced Proficiency examinations (CAPE) and in particular the
flexibility they offered. “In examining the syllabus content and duration, we have concluded
that the qualification resulting from two subject courses are comparable to the GCE
Advanced level.” (NARIC July 1999). CXC must now address the recognition of its
qualifications in non-traditional markets like the European and Asian countries which may
attract Caribbean students in the future.
The support from Governments when they unreservedly made their full 16+ populations
available to CXC was not apparent in 1998 when the first CAPE examinations were

5. 5
introduced. Over the years regional governments had from time to time found it necessary to
remind the organization that it should commence plans to replace the Advanced A Level
examinations offered by the Overseas Boards. The decision to implement CAPE was taken in
the full knowledge that the market for this product was contracting and that other regional
sub-degree programmes were increasing their portion of market share. When CAPE
syllabuses were finally introduced, the response from regional governments, the primary
stakeholders, was lukewarm. In the first year of the examination only six of the sixteen
Participating Territories had agreed to pilot the examinations. More importantly, two of the
major territories with significant A level populations initially declined to participate. This
sent confusing signals to CXC which believed that since the governments had mandated the
examination they would participate when the examinations were available.
Similarly, the introduction in 2007 of a new competency-based test, the Caribbean Certificate
of Secondary level competence (CCSLC), has not been fully endorsed by regional
governments even though they were intimately involved in the development of the new
examination.
An analysis of these responses by the Governments, would suggest that other factors were at
work since the introduction of the new examinations in 1979. In 1998 the introduction of
CAPE had been affected by the lengthy time-to-market process and the emergence of several
alternative government sponsored programmes. Additionally, although Caribbean
Governments continue to spend significant sums on education, the sector is in competition
with all others for scarce resources and regional organizations like CXC must seek to ensure
a larger measure of self-sufficiency. CXC realised that it was no longer business as usual.
3.1 Syllabus Development and Review
At the time of the establishment of the CXC there was no structured curriculum at the
secondary level in several territories. In preparation for the external examinations offered by
the Overseas Boards, the territories would receive the list of topics to be covered prior to the
examination, and schools taught to that list. (Walter 2011). In the years preceding its first
examinations CXC had to develop syllabuses based on non-existent curriculum.
Mrs. Irene Walter, the first Pro Registrar and Head of the Jamaica Office from 1974-1994 has
suggested that this was one of the most exciting but challenging periods in the life of the new
body. She gives full praise to those early resource persons who headed the subject panels
charged with developing syllabuses for English A (English Language), Caribbean History,
Mathematics, Integrated Science and Geography to be examined for the first time in 1979.
To facilitate this process, National Committees were established in each of the 16
Participating Territories. Their responsibility was two-fold, first to feed information back to
the Panels which would assist with the syllabus development process and secondly to assist in
“selling” the concept of a regional examination to the public. There were many challenges in
this process, as the islands were all at different levels of educational development and
universal secondary education was not pervasive. What the establishment of the CXC did for
the region, was to ensure the democratizing of the Caribbean education system. It was as a
result of this new body, that the territories paid greater attention to the development of
curricula that would allow their students to perform optimally in the new examinations. 30
years later, the statistics available to Governments on the performance of their candidates in
the examinations are used for planning and developmental purposes. One of the major
features of the examination system has been the feedback mechanism which CXC established
with regional schools. Teachers and Principals may comment on the syllabuses, make

6. 6
recommendations about the content or provide information on the difficulties schools
experienced in implementing any aspect of a particular syllabus. This facility is also in place
for the examination papers, and teachers over the years, have recognized that their comments
are valued and are considered either at syllabus review or during the Grading activities.
In recent years, CXC has established its website, facebook and twitter accounts which allows
for real-time interaction with candidates, schools and the general public, and in 2011, for the
first time, candidates and schools could access their results online.
A lesson learned over the years has been the importance of providing support materials for
teachers related to the delivery of the syllabus and preparation for the examinations and
others for students to provide them with examples of how assessment criteria have been
applied to various pieces of work. Today, CXC through its website provides teachers and
students with exemplars of good responses and guidance on how their work may be
improved. Further, CXC in 2011 embarked on a strategic partnership with Notesmaster Ltd
of the United Kingdom to provide students and teachers with an interactive learning portal to
support teaching and learning for CXC examinations.
The syllabus development process that has evolved ensures that what is included in CXC‟s
syllabuses is accurate, relevant, and appropriate and that students‟ are exposed to a
knowledge pool that is rapidly changing in a knowledge-based society. Regional
Governments have signed on to a value system aimed at creating the Ideal Caribbean person
and this together with the tenets outlined in the UNESCO Pillars of Learning has informed
the new syllabus development initiatives. CXC has also incorporated into its syllabuses
sound international theories of learning as well as the 21st
century skills of critical thinking,
problem solving and decision making. CXC continues to benchmark its syllabuses against
international standards as the focus is not only about preparing candidates to live and work in
the region, but also to assist them in functioning effectively in the international arena.
3.2 Structure of the Examinations
Most of what was proposed by CXC over the years was new to the region and therefore
questioned. Administrators, teachers, students, parents and the Caribbean public had to
grapple with new concepts such as: objective tests, school based assessment, profiles,
criterion- referencing, multidisciplinary subjects, proficiencies and competency based tests.
Objective tests (multiple choice) created early concerns as many territories believed that
candidates could not be fairly assessed using this format even though Multiple Choice (MC)
was only one mode of assessment in an examination that normally comprised MC, essay and
coursework (SBA). 30 years later, there are some who still feel this way.
The Multiple choice component of the examination was and still is a confidential document
because the CXC item bank is not at optimum size and needs to be expanded. This fact has
added to the mystery surrounding the MC examination.
The School Based Assessment (SBA) was conceptualized as a way of helping candidates,
especially those that did not perform well in the examination environment by allowing them
to enter the test with scores obtained from class work and to develop their research skills.
This was a new mode of assessment for regional teachers and despite initial challenges they
were favourably disposed to its implementation. (Miller1983).

7. 7
It was CXC‟s intention to have SBA or continuous assessment treated as home-work and to
discourage teachers from viewing it as additional work. (AFC Dec 1985). However, the
feeling persists among both teachers and students that the workload involved is excessive and
should be reviewed. So much so that at a meeting in 2010 with the Caribbean Union of
Teachers (CUT), the present CXC management was asked to review an earlier decision and
consider compensation to teachers for this „additional’ work.
The challenges experienced in getting schools to comply with the regulations with respect to
SBA returns in 1981 (See SUBSEC Report 1981) has improved over the years. However in
2011 there were still a total of 923 candidates (0.6% of the CSEC entry) who did not receive
results because the SBA samples requested had not been submitted by the published deadline.
(FAC Aug 2011).
The five point grading system was another innovation. CXC was proud to report that it was
not a pass/fail norm-referenced system but that each grade described a different level of
competence. However, CXC‟s confidence in its grading was tempered by the need to secure
external recognition and to satisfy its own regional university entrance requirements. It
accepted the proposal that Grades 1 and 2 be regarded as the equivalent of British O levels A-
C. When CXC conceded this point, the grading system was fatally compromised. (Miller
1983). The territories expressed concern about having three failing grades and felt that the
Grade 3 was comparable with GCE and Cambridge. In 1998 the current six-point grading
scheme was introduced and Grades 1-3 have since been considered „acceptable’ grades.
CXC also reported results using profile grades to complement and elaborate on the overall
grades. Profiles are descriptors of the skills to be tested in an examination, and in the CXC
syllabuses are defined in terms of cognitive skills or in terms of content areas. For example,
in CSEC Geography students are expected to develop skills under three profile dimensions:
practical skills, knowledge and comprehension and use of knowledge, while in Agricultural
Science the profiles are: the business of farming, crop production, and animal production.
The profile system was considered by nearly all educators in the region as an excellent
concept despite the initial confusion with the profile to grade relationship.
Two main difficulties emerged for the public with the profile reporting system. Firstly, there
were three profile letter grades A-C and five overall grades 1 – 5 which meant that candidates
could obtain 3 A‟s and get a grade 1 or 2 or 3 B‟s and get either a grade 2 or 3. Secondly, in
the Caribbean context C was not usually regarded as below average and B as average. CXC
made considerable effort to simplify the relationship between the profiles and grades. In
1998 when the six point grading scheme was introduced the matter was resolved.
The criterion-referenced approach to grading was a departure from the norm-referenced
approach which had been used by the examining boards operating in the region. This form of
grading allowed the examiners to measure candidates‟ performance against pre-defined
standards. Even though CXC keeps the cut scores confidential, criterion-referenced testing is
regarded as more transparent, a fairer system of assessment, and one that allows the users of
CXC‟s certificates to make sound inferences about candidates‟ mastery of the domains tested
while also facilitating the equating of standards from year to year.
CXC introduced multidisciplinary offerings like Principles of Business and Social Studies –
areas that were not previously available to candidates through the Overseas Boards.
Candidates who wanted to write these subjects had to seek out the Overseas Boards that
offered them. CXC‟s Integrated Science Double Award, (i.e. counted as two subjects) was an
excellent multidisciplinary offering that failed. Mrs Irene Walter explained that the subject

8. 8
which was the combination of Chemistry, Biology and Physics into one subject was a new
concept which proved difficult for schools to timetable. It also proved too challenging for
teachers who were probably very familiar with one or two areas but who found three
disciplines and the in depth teaching required for a Double Award, too great a challenge. The
examination was discontinued in 2000.
3.3 Schemes of Examination
Two schemes of examination were introduced. The Basic proficiency was comparable to the
CSE in Britain; the standard of General is comparable to GCE O level. Both examinations
tested achievement at the completion of secondary education which, in terms of years and
academic requirements is the same for all candidates. CXC described the examinations as
follows: “Basic proficiency connoted subject activity designed to complete a secondary
school course in the subject and General connoted subject activity designed not only to
complete a secondary school course in the specific subject, but also to provide a foundation
for further studies in the specific subject area beyond the fifth year of secondary
schooling.”(Broomes et al 1998)
The introduction of two different schemes of examination was new to the school system and
the message from CXC with respect to the Basic scheme was not always clear. On occasion,
the public was informed that the Basic proficiency was designed for persons entering the
world of work as well as for the high achiever who wanted to write an examination in an area
outside of their specialty. This message did not resonate with teachers many of whom simply
considered it a low level test and discouraged parents from registering their children for the
examination. Parents, it was reported,” preferred CXC General Proficiency (O level
examinations) over the CXC Basic. Many admitted that they were influenced by the school’s
perspective on the worth of the different examinations”. (Broomes et al 1998)
It was evident that there was some general confusion about the way in which the two levels
were defined. Teachers felt that the overlap between the two levels in the syllabuses, the
common questions that appeared on both papers, and the use by employers and others of the
Certificates in such a way that the Basic Grade 1 was equated to the General Grade 2 were
the major problems. As far back as 1983 those who supported the two levels felt that they
should have been distinctly different i.e. that the Basic level should have a completely
different syllabus and clearly different examination. In other words, the Basic should be an
examination for fourth formers, whereas the General should be one for fifth formers. As
things stood, the Basic was regarded as a “watered down” version of the General. (Miller
1983)
The greatest area of concern was the question of the recognition of the Basic proficiency for
employment purposes. In all the Participating Territories, there was widespread variation in
the manner in which employers, including the Governments treated the Basic. In many
territories, the Governments did not accept the Basic proficiency for entry into the public
service, a fact that was not missed by the Private Sector. As a result, the entries declined and
the final Basic Proficiency examination was offered in 2007.
3.4 Competency Based Testing
The Caribbean Certificate of Secondary Level Competence (CCSLC) is a competency-based
test. When first introduced in 2007, it was embraced by one government as a certification
programme as they perceived the need to have more of their candidates certified on leaving
school. However, CXC very quickly recognized that another school-leaving certification

9. 9
programme was not required by the region, and with the history of the confusion surrounding
the Basic proficiency, moved quickly to revise its syllabuses and rebrand the examination as
a foundation Competency-Based Education Training and Assessment (CBETA) qualification
in the secondary system. It now has been clearly defined as a foundation programme to assist
candidates in the lower school to master concepts in the higher secondary school. A very
important feature of this new certification is that it “departs from simply testing knowledge of
the learner, by taking an innovative and creative approach to learning through its emphasis
on the use of real-world scenarios to arrive at learning outcomes that will build the
competencies necessary for life-long learning and acting.” (Jules 2011) Many more
Governments have signed on to this programme as it encompasses qualities critical to the
global competitiveness and sustainable development in the region.
The Caribbean Vocational Qualification (CVQ), introduced in 2007 is a competency based
approach to training, assessment and certification. Candidates are expected to demonstrate
competence in attaining occupational standards developed by practitioners, industry experts
and employers. The CVQ is a portable qualification which facilitates freedom of movement
in the Caribbean and is geared to the development of the Ideal Caribbean Worker. It also
enhances the investment attractiveness of the work/labour force of CARICOM states and
would harmonise the TVET systems across the region. The CVQ levels 1 and 2 are accessible
to persons already in the workforce as well as students in secondary schools across the
region.
3.4 Teacher Training and Orientation
In the early years, and as late as 1984, CXC debated whether it should be involved in this
area since teacher-training was not the business of an examining body. (SUBSEC 1984).
However, when the first syllabuses were introduced to the region, as was seen earlier, CXC
recognised the need to assist teachers by embarking on substantial teacher training and
material development programmes. Some of the new syllabuses contained School Based
Assessment (SBA) a concept that was unfamiliar to the regional teaching fraternity, so SBA
had to be „sold’ to every teacher/educator in the region.
The issue too of the volume of work required by candidates and teachers had to be addressed.
Miller 1983 posits that “the general impression given by teachers, students and principals is
that the CXC syllabuses are all very ambitious but that there is need for some adjustments
especially when the curriculum as a whole is taken into consideration”. Teacher-training and
teacher orientation therefore became part of the business of the Council with CXC
emphasizing that it was doing so in partnership with the regional Ministries and tertiary
institutions.
This was manifested in a major USAID-funded teacher training project for teachers at
Secondary schools that trained 4500 teachers in 14 territories from 1980-83.
At the end of the project the external evaluators noted: “The CXC/USAID project has clearly
demonstrated the viability and desirability of utilizing a regional approach to educational
development in the Caribbean……..At the same time CXC has demonstrated its own
leadership not only for the Project, but for future endeavours directed toward region-wide
improvement of secondary education”. (Final Report on CXC/USAID Project 1984)
With the introduction of each new syllabus, CXC has continued teacher-training/orientation
and materials production. Since the introduction of CAPE in 1998, 3711 teachers in 16
territories in 24 subject areas have been trained. Similarly, with the introduction of the

10. 10
CCSLC in 2007 there were 1497 teachers trained in 16 territories. In 2009 CXC signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the University of the West Indies Open Campus
to further assist with the orientation of teachers to the new syllabuses. It is expected that
through mixed mode distance education, all subject teachers across the region can be exposed
to systematic training in the mastery of syllabus content and its effective delivery.
The training and orientation workshops ensure that the syllabuses are embraced as teachers
become comfortable and confident to deliver the instruction required for the new or revised
syllabuses. CXC recognizes that it is in its best interest to work with Governments in this
area, but will not lose sight of the fact that teacher training is ultimately the responsibility of
the individual territories.
3.5 Script Marking
CXC also had to make some decisions on the type of script marking to be employed.
Consideration was given to residential marking and also to cottage type marking, the latter
being the choice of the Cambridge consultants who were instrumental in training the early
script markers. Residential marking saw teachers being brought from several territories to
one location to engage in the process of first standardizing before marking the scripts which
were then sent to one central location from across the region for final processing. The script
marking was different from that employed by Cambridge as CXC examiners marked by table
and by question; thus no one person was responsible for an entire script. The marking process
proved to be a major teacher training activity in itself and was critical to the development of
the teaching fraternity at a time when there was no indigenous tradition of their involvement
in public examinations.
Script marking has had the single greatest impact on the regional teaching profession. In
2011 at two marking sessions in four countries over 5,000 teachers have participated in a
process that allows teachers to interact with their counterparts from Guyana on the South
American continent through the archipelago to Belize in Central America. There is no other
forum of this magnitude available to teachers in the Caribbean to interact and to exchange
ideas in an intense learning environment.
CXC has not undertaken a formal study to ascertain the impact of the script marking activity
on teaching. In a documentary produced for the 30th
Anniversary celebrations, teachers
spoke glowingly of what the script marking has done for them, in particular the exposure to
CXC‟s system of marking which has improved their classroom instruction. Based on this
feedback and the improved performance of candidates in the examinations, there is little
doubt that the script marking experience has strengthened teaching and assessment skills.
It has been recognized that not all teachers can participate in the script marking and CXC
encourages Ministries to regard the script marking as a training opportunity. Thus teachers
who attend the marking are expected to return home and participate in workshops organized
by the Ministry to expose their colleagues to script marking – the CXC Way.
The CXC will introduce electronic marking (e-marking) in the very near future. Three e-
marking pilots have been completed and further research is being undertaken. This is
necessary because the cost of centrally marking over a million scripts and the provision of air
transport and hotel accommodation for 2000 teachers in four territories is unsustainable.
There are some challenges facing CXC in pursuance of an e-marking solution. E-marking is
an expensive solution, so cost will be a consideration. More importantly, the availability of
bandwidth and the level of internet penetration in the region are issues that also have to be
addressed.

11. 11
E-marking is estimated to eliminate about 70% of the costs associated with the script
movement, data capture, travel and accommodation expenses. It will also reduce the
processing time, automate the collection and analysis of data and provide real-time
management information throughout the script marking activity.
4.0 CONCLUSION
There can be no doubt that CXC in its 32 years of offering examinations has redirected,
restructured and remodeled the public examination system in the region. The eventual
development of curricula to support the new syllabuses has been a signal achievement for a
region which had no history of teaching to a specific curriculum. The establishment of the
subject panels charged with developing new syllabuses, created a cadre of persons who were
empowered and who through their innovations created syllabuses and systems which have
maintained high quality examinations in the region.
Qualified resource persons recruited to the Examining Committees with responsibility for the
question paper development received training in psychometrics and measurement. For the
first time in the region, personnel were exposed to the development of question papers based
on objectives defined by the various syllabuses. This training has been of significant benefit
not only to CXC but to the major tertiary institutions in the region, where these resource
persons are employed.
The introduction of the school based assessment (coursework) corrected many of the poor
practices evident in the teaching in schools and ensured that candidates had a better
opportunity for improved performance in the examinations. One of the trends in assessment
in the world is the focus on the importance of practical assessment and the development of
skills rather than on delivery of content. There is also an increasing focus on the acquisition
of practical skills and the recognition that practical skills are acquired through practice or
action (interaction) rather than through theory or speculation. There is also evidence that
these skills are achieved through School-Based Assessment that focuses on practical
assessment. (Cambridge Report 2011). It is of concern to the CXC that dishonest practices
on the part of both teachers and candidates, have invaded the administration of this mode of
assessment, and more forensic auditing of SBAs is now routinely undertaken.
The Basic proficiency examination was a sound concept that was poorly implemented. The
elitist nature of Caribbean education ensured that teachers did not encourage parents to
register their children for the examination. More importantly, there were some essential
issues with respect to student needs that should have been resolved. For example, did the test
cater to a distinctly different range of intellectual competence, a different level of intellectual
sophistication or a different ability range from the General proficiency? It is commendable
that in the development of the CCSLC, CXC recognized early the candidate needs that should
be addressed and moved swiftly to rebrand the examination.
CXC has achieved significant success over the past 30 years. This success does not only
relate to the examinations it has introduced, or its syllabuses and curriculum development
activities, but in the support and leadership it has provided to the development of education in
the region. There is considerable work still to be done and “ultimately, the guarantee of
CXC’s future lies, not just in exemplary execution of its core functions, but in how far ahead
of the curve it is, in adding value to education in the region.” (Jules 2011)
31 August 2011

12. 12
REFERENCES
Barrow, Errol. "Address at the Inaugural Meeting of the Caribbean Examinations Council."
Marine House (1973).
Broomes, Desmond et al. The Shape, Structure and Uses of CXC Basic Proficiency
Examinations. Caribbean Examinations Council. Headquarters, Barbados, 1998.
Demas, William. "Address at the Iaugural Meeting of the Caribbean Examinations Council."
Barbados, 1973.
Jules, Didacus. "Remarks at the Launch of the CCSLC Resource Texts." Savannah Hotel,
Barbados, June 2011.
Miller, Errol. Evaluation of the CXC/USAID Project 1980 - 1983, Appendix V. Caribbean
Examinations Council. Headquarters, Barbados, 1983.
Moore, Archibald. A Brief Historical Background. Caribbean Examinations Council.
Barbados: Inaugural Meeting, 1973.
S Giles (July 2011), interview with Irene Walter, former Pro Registrar and Registrar, CXC
Urquhart, J.M. "Organisaion, Structure and Administrative Arrangements in Relation to the
Examinations." Caribbean Examinations Council, 1977.
Acceptance of CXC Certification (AFC/SUBSEC Caucus) April 1986, Recognition of CXC
Secondary Education Certificate – Canada, file 17/3/04/1 Vol 1, Caribbean
Examinations Council Archives and Special Collections, Headquarters, Barbados
CXC Information Bulletin No. 2 – The CXC System of Examinations 1978 – Bulletin issued
by the CXC Information committee of the Ministry of Education and Culture, Port-of-
Spain.
Commitment to CXC Examinations – File 17/4/010 (1978) Vol 1, EAS Fonds, Caribbean
Examinations Council Archives and Special Collections, Headquarters, Barbados
Report on Integrated Science (DA), EAS Fonds, Modes of Examining – Policy (1986),
17/2/01 Vol 2, Caribbean Examinations Council Archives and Special Collections,
Headquarters, Barbados
Evaluation Report on USAID/CXC Project, 1980-1983, EAS Fonds,
Correspondence/Relations with USAID, File 22/2/01 Vol 1, Caribbean Examinations
Council Archives and Special Collections, Headquarters, Barbados

13. 13
EAS Fonds, Local Registrars (1983) File 17/7/01 Vol 4, Caribbean Examinations Council
Archives and special Collections, Headquarters, Barbados
Implications of the Basic Proficiency SUBSEC (22) 1999, EAS Fonds, Basic Proficiency
Study File 22/2/016 Vol 4, Caribbean Examinations Council Archives and Special
Collections, Headquarters, Barbados
Letter from the National Academic Records Information Centre (NARIC) 1999, EAS Fonds,
Recognition of CAPE File 17/3/4/5 Vol 1, Caribbean Examinations Council Archives
and Special Collections, Headquarters, Barbados
Minutes of the Final Awards Committee meeting, 5-6 August 2011, EAS Fonds, FAC
Minutes File 17/13/01 Vol. 19, Caribbean Examinations Council Archives and special
Collections, Headquarters, Barbados