1. PHIVOLCS DOST
MARITON V. BORNASMARITON V. BORNAS
Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology (PHIVOLCS)Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Department of Science & Technology (DOST)Department of Science & Technology (DOST)
UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDING
VOLCANOES &VOLCANOES &
VOLCANIC HAZARDSVOLCANIC HAZARDS
2. PHIVOLCS DOST
What is aWhat is a VOLCANOVOLCANO??
a vent, hill or mountain from w/c molten or hot rocks w/a vent, hill or mountain from w/c molten or hot rocks w/
gaseous material are ejectedgaseous material are ejected
also craters, hills or mountains formed by removal of prealso craters, hills or mountains formed by removal of pre--
existing material or by accumulation of ejected materialsexisting material or by accumulation of ejected materials
3. PHIVOLCS DOST
1965 Taal Volcano eruption explosion1965 Taal Volcano eruption explosion
crater (1.5 X 0.3 km wide) & cinder cone /crater (1.5 X 0.3 km wide) & cinder cone /
tuff ring (68.5 m high, 170 mtuff ring (68.5 m high, 170 m--wide rim)wide rim)
4. PHIVOLCS DOST
Where do Volcanoes Form?Where do Volcanoes Form?
ContinentalContinental
ArcArc
MagmaMagma
HotspotHotspot
MidMid--OceanicOceanic
RidgesRidges
IslandIsland
ArcArc
RiftRift
ZonesZones
5. PHIVOLCS DOST
Why do we have VOLCANISM?Why do we have VOLCANISM?
HEAT WITHIN EARTHHEAT WITHIN EARTH’’S INTERIOR DUE TO:S INTERIOR DUE TO:
1.1.LONGLONG--LIVED RADIOACTIVITYLIVED RADIOACTIVITY
235235U,U, 238238U,U, 232232Th,Th, 4040KK
2.2.ACCRETIONARY HEATINGACCRETIONARY HEATING
Billions of years of impacting bodies (meteors, comets)Billions of years of impacting bodies (meteors, comets)
that imparted kinetic energy, converted into frictionalthat imparted kinetic energy, converted into frictional
heating w/in the earthheating w/in the earth
3.3.CORE FORMATIONCORE FORMATION
release of potential energy as the core sinksrelease of potential energy as the core sinks
4.4.TIDAL HEATINGTIDAL HEATING
Moon raises 11 cms/year ofMoon raises 11 cms/year of ““tidestides”” in the mantlein the mantle
equivalent to ~ 3.0x1019 J/yr; similar heating in IOequivalent to ~ 3.0x1019 J/yr; similar heating in IO
6. PHIVOLCS DOST
Classification of Volcanoes (PHIVOLCS)Classification of Volcanoes (PHIVOLCS)
ACTIVE:ACTIVE:
erupted w/in historical times (last 600 yrs); has historicalerupted w/in historical times (last 600 yrs); has historical
traditional accounts, written or oraltraditional accounts, written or oral
erupted w/in geological times (erupted w/in geological times (≤≤10,000 yrs)10,000 yrs)
POTENTIALLY ACTIVEPOTENTIALLY ACTIVE
landform is younglandform is young--looking but w/ no records of eruptionlooking but w/ no records of eruption
INACTIVEINACTIVE
no recorded eruptionsno recorded eruptions
longlong--period inactivity is evident from too much weatheringperiod inactivity is evident from too much weathering
& erosion of deep & long gullies (valleys)& erosion of deep & long gullies (valleys)
7. PHIVOLCS DOST
Active, Inactive &Active, Inactive &
Potentially ActivePotentially Active
Volcanoes of theVolcanoes of the
PhilippinesPhilippines
Setting: Island ArcSetting: Island Arc
300 volcanoes300 volcanoes
22 considered active22 considered active
8. PHIVOLCS DOST
Active Volcanoes in the Philippines
Name No. of
Eruptions
Date of Last
Eruption
LAT/LONG Location
Mayon 49 2006 13°15.4'/123°41.1' Albay, Bicol Region, Luzon
Taal 33 1977 14°00'/121°00' Batangas, Luzon
Canlaon 22 1996 10°24.7/123°7.9' Negros Occidental, Visayas
Bulusan 14 2006 12°47'/124°03' Sorsogon, Bicol Region, Luzon
Ragang 9 1915 7°41.5/124°30.3' Bukidnon, Mindanao
Smith 6 1924 19°32.5/121°55' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Hibok-Hibok 8 1949-1953 9°12.2/124°40.4 Camiguin Island, Mindanao
Didicas 6 1978 19°05'/122°12' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Pinatubo 3 1991 & 1992 15°08'/120°21' Pampanga, Zambales & Tarlac,
Luzon
Babuyan Claro 3 ?1913 19°31.5'/121°57' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Bud Dajo 2 1897 5°59'/121°13' Sulu, Mindanao
Camiguin de Babuyanes 1 1857 18°50'/121°52' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Cagua 1 1860 18°13'/122°07' Cagayan, Northern Luzon
Banahao 1 ?1730 14°04'/121°29' Laguna & Quezon Province,
Luzon
Calayo (Musuan) 1 1866 7°52'/125°4.4' Bukidnon, Mindanao
Iraya 1 1464 20°29'/122°01' Batanes Island, Northern Luzon
Iriga 1 ?1628 13°28'/123°28' Camarines Sur, Bicol Region,
Luzon
Biliran ? ?1939 11°37'/124°30' Leyte, Visayas
Matutum 1 ?1911 6°22'/124°04' South Cotabato, Mindanao
Parker 1 1641 6°6.8'/124°53.5' South Cotabato, Mindanao
Makaturing ? ?? 7°38.5'/124°19' Lanao, Mindanao
Leonard 1 1,800 Bp 7°4.5'/126°4' Davao, Mindanao
Monitored active volcano
9. PHIVOLCS DOST
FORMS OF VOLCANOESFORMS OF VOLCANOES
Controlled mainly by magma compositionControlled mainly by magma composition
High SiOHigh SiO22 (SILICIC)(SILICIC)Low SiOLow SiO22 (BASALTIC)(BASALTIC)
EXPLOSIVEEXPLOSIVEEFFUSIVEEFFUSIVE
Intermediate SiOIntermediate SiO22
(ANDESITIC)(ANDESITIC)
11. PHIVOLCS DOST
Low, symmetrical accumulations of scoria (cinder)/ ashLow, symmetrical accumulations of scoria (cinder)/ ash
Typically low SiOTypically low SiO22 (Basaltic) magma(Basaltic) magma
OneOne--shot volcanoes! Usually related to bigger onesshot volcanoes! Usually related to bigger ones
Volcano Type: MONOGENETIC CONESVolcano Type: MONOGENETIC CONES
(Tuff/cinder cones, tuff rings, maars)(Tuff/cinder cones, tuff rings, maars)
19431943
ParicutinParicutin
eruption,eruption,
MexicoMexico
LigLigññon Hillon Hill
13. PHIVOLCS DOST
MoundMound--shaped or convex volcanoesshaped or convex volcanoes
Formed by repeated, slow lava extrusion; dome complexesFormed by repeated, slow lava extrusion; dome complexes
All types of magma (lowAll types of magma (low--high SiOhigh SiO22))
E.g. HibokE.g. Hibok--Hibok & Vulcan, Camiguin; Mt. Unzen, JapanHibok & Vulcan, Camiguin; Mt. Unzen, Japan
Hibok-Hibok & the
1871 dome Vulcan,
Camiguin
Volcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMESVolcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMES
14. PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMESVolcano Type: VOLCANIC DOMES
High silica domes are capable ofHigh silica domes are capable of
explosive eruption!explosive eruption!
Unzen VolcanoUnzen Volcano Soufriere Hills, MontserratSoufriere Hills, Montserrat
15. PHIVOLCS DOST
ConeCone--shaped, with summit crater; may have multiple cratersshaped, with summit crater; may have multiple craters
Formed by repeated, alternating deposits of pyroclastics & lavaFormed by repeated, alternating deposits of pyroclastics & lava flowflow
Intermediate SiOIntermediate SiO22 (Andesitic)(Andesitic)
E.g. Mayon, Albay; Matutum, So. Cotabato; Mt. Fuji, JapanE.g. Mayon, Albay; Matutum, So. Cotabato; Mt. Fuji, Japan
Volcano Type: STRATOVOLCANOESVolcano Type: STRATOVOLCANOES
Mayon VolcanoMayon Volcano
Bulusan VolcanoBulusan Volcano
16. PHIVOLCS DOST
GentleGentle--sloped but large diameter volcanoessloped but large diameter volcanoes
Typically island volcanoes, partially submergedTypically island volcanoes, partially submerged
Formed by frequent, longFormed by frequent, long--period (can last for years!) lava eruptions in riftperiod (can last for years!) lava eruptions in rift
zones, mantle hotspotszones, mantle hotspots
LowLow--high SiOhigh SiO22 (basaltic) magma(basaltic) magma
E.g. Kilauea, Mauna Loa, PuE.g. Kilauea, Mauna Loa, Pu’’u Ou O’’o, Hawaii; Mt. Etna, Italyo, Hawaii; Mt. Etna, Italy
Mauna Loa, the worldMauna Loa, the world’’ss
largest volcanolargest volcano
Volcano Type: SHIELD VOLCANOESVolcano Type: SHIELD VOLCANOES
17. PHIVOLCS DOST
Large; may have several volcanic centers in & around a crater >2Large; may have several volcanic centers in & around a crater >2 km diamkm diam
Formed by long periods of explosive activity (intermediate lowFormed by long periods of explosive activity (intermediate low--key volcanickey volcanic
activity)activity)
High SiOHigh SiO22 (Silicic) magma(Silicic) magma
E.g. Pinatubo; Parker; Krakatau, IndonesiaE.g. Pinatubo; Parker; Krakatau, Indonesia
Can cause major climate changes, crash of civilizations!Can cause major climate changes, crash of civilizations!
Volcano Type: CalderaVolcano Type: Caldera
Aniakchiak Caldera, AlaskaAniakchiak Caldera, AlaskaPinatubo Caldera, LuzonPinatubo Caldera, Luzon
19. PHIVOLCS DOST
Santorini, Greece: 1500Santorini, Greece: 1500
B.C. eruption is believed toB.C. eruption is believed to
have caused the death ofhave caused the death of
the Minoan Civilization inthe Minoan Civilization in
the island of Cretethe island of Crete
Type of Volcano: CalderaType of Volcano: Caldera
20. PHIVOLCS DOST
STYLES OF VOLCANICSTYLES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONERUPTION
Controlled mainly by magma composition (silica content) &Controlled mainly by magma composition (silica content) &
volatile (gas) contentvolatile (gas) content
High SiOHigh SiO22 (SILICIC)(SILICIC)Low SiOLow SiO22 (BASALTIC)(BASALTIC)
EXPLOSIVEEXPLOSIVEEFFUSIVEEFFUSIVE
Intermediate SiOIntermediate SiO22
(ANDESITIC)(ANDESITIC)
21. PHIVOLCS DOST
SteamSteam--driven eruptions caused by contactdriven eruptions caused by contact
of groundwater w/ hot country rocks (noof groundwater w/ hot country rocks (no
magma involved)magma involved)
Usually precursory to magmatic eruptionsUsually precursory to magmatic eruptions
Short ash columns, ashfallShort ash columns, ashfall
1984 Phreatic1984 Phreatic
event at Mayonevent at Mayon
1976 Phreatic eruption at Taal1976 Phreatic eruption at Taal
Type of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATICType of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATIC
22. PHIVOLCS DOST
2000 Phreatic eruption, Mt. Usu2000 Phreatic eruption, Mt. Usu
Type of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATICType of Volcanic Eruption: PHREATIC
23. PHIVOLCS DOST
1966 Taal Volcano1966 Taal Volcano
phreatomagmatic phasephreatomagmatic phase
Very violent eruptionVery violent eruption
generated by the explosivegenerated by the explosive
contact of erupting magma withcontact of erupting magma with
waterwater
Voluminous, slightly tall ashVoluminous, slightly tall ash
columns, laterallycolumns, laterally--projectedprojected
pyroclastic currents (basepyroclastic currents (base
surges) & blastssurges) & blasts
Type of Eruption:Type of Eruption:
PHREATOMAGMATICPHREATOMAGMATIC
24. PHIVOLCS DOST
Weak to violent eruption of gasWeak to violent eruption of gas--
charged fluid magma characterized bycharged fluid magma characterized by
lava fountaining & flowinglava fountaining & flowing
Lava flowsLava flows
Type of Eruption: HAWAIIANType of Eruption: HAWAIIAN--STROMBOLIANSTROMBOLIAN
Ongoing eruption at Stromboli, ItalyOngoing eruption at Stromboli, Italy
2000 Mayon eruption2000 Mayon eruption
Strombolian phaseStrombolian phase
26. PHIVOLCS DOST
CanonCanon--like explosions produced by the detonation of a solidifiedlike explosions produced by the detonation of a solidified
magma plug in the vent by gas accumulated beneath itmagma plug in the vent by gas accumulated beneath it
Ca. 20 km tall eruption columns; pyroclastic flows, ashfallCa. 20 km tall eruption columns; pyroclastic flows, ashfall
Vulcanian Phase Mayon 2000 eruption
Type of Eruption: VULCANIANType of Eruption: VULCANIAN
19971997
SoufriereSoufriere
HillsHills
Eruption,Eruption,
MontserratMontserrat
27. PHIVOLCS DOST
Very explosive, energeticVery explosive, energetic
release of voluminousrelease of voluminous
magmatic gas, fragmentedmagmatic gas, fragmented
magma w/c propel w/ greatmagma w/c propel w/ great
force high in the air, formingforce high in the air, forming
huge mushroom cloudshuge mushroom clouds
Tall eruption column >40 kmTall eruption column >40 km
high, penetrating stratospherehigh, penetrating stratosphere
WellWell--defined umbrella clouddefined umbrella cloud
Extensive ashfallExtensive ashfall
Pyroclastic flowsPyroclastic flows
Large volcanic calderasLarge volcanic calderas
Type of Eruption:Type of Eruption:
PLINIANPLINIAN
28. PHIVOLCS DOST
VOLCANIC HAZARDSVOLCANIC HAZARDS
VolcanoVolcano--related phenomena/ processes that poserelated phenomena/ processes that pose
potential threat or cause negative impact to man, propertypotential threat or cause negative impact to man, property
& the environment, in a given period of time.& the environment, in a given period of time.
29. PHIVOLCS DOST
VOLCANIC HAZARDS
LAVA FLOWSLAVA FLOWS
PYROCLASTICPYROCLASTIC
FLOWS & SURGESFLOWS & SURGES
ASHFALL ORASHFALL OR
TEPHRA FALLTEPHRA FALL
LAHARSLAHARS
VOLCANICVOLCANIC
GASESGASES
FISSURINGFISSURING
TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS
DEBRIS AVALANCHE/SECTOR COLLAPSEDEBRIS AVALANCHE/SECTOR COLLAPSE
30. PHIVOLCS DOST
Gravitational settling ofGravitational settling of
volcanic ash & fragments fromvolcanic ash & fragments from
the umbrella clouds of tallthe umbrella clouds of tall
eruption columns & ashcloudseruption columns & ashclouds
of pyroclastic flowsof pyroclastic flows
Dispersal depends onDispersal depends on
prevalent wind directions,prevalent wind directions,
column heightscolumn heights
Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard:
ASHFALL orASHFALL or
TEPHRA FALLTEPHRA FALL
31. PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of AshfallImpacts of Ashfall
Results to widespreadResults to widespread
infrastructural damagesinfrastructural damages
when thickwhen thick
Monitored worldwide byMonitored worldwide by
aviation agencies becauseaviation agencies because
ashfall can cause potentialashfall can cause potential
jet engine failure to alljet engine failure to all
types of aircrafttypes of aircraft
Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991
32. PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of AshfallImpacts of Ashfall
Buildings destroyed by ballistic mudballs from the 2000 Mt. Usu Eruption
33. PHIVOLCS DOST
Incandescent rivers of hot moltenIncandescent rivers of hot molten
rock (lava)rock (lava)
Erupted from volcanic craters,Erupted from volcanic craters,
fissures, during Hawaiianfissures, during Hawaiian--
Strombolian activity, lava domeStrombolian activity, lava dome
eruptionseruptions
Usually slowUsually slow--moving formoving for
moderatemoderate--high SiOhigh SiO22 magma; fastmagma; fast--
moving for low SiOmoving for low SiO22 magma (e.g.magma (e.g.
Hawaii lavas)Hawaii lavas)
From USGSFrom USGS
Kilauea lava flowKilauea lava flow
LowLow SiOSiO22 Pahoehoe (Ropy) LavaPahoehoe (Ropy) Lava
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard:
LAVA FLOWLAVA FLOW
34. PHIVOLCS DOST
1969 Taal Volcano (Mt. Tabaro) Lava Flow Field1969 Taal Volcano (Mt. Tabaro) Lava Flow Field
LowLow SiOSiO22 Aa (Spiky) LavaAa (Spiky) Lava
37. PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of Lava FlowImpacts of Lava Flow
From USGSFrom USGS
Main hazard of burial, generation of deadlier pyroclastic flowsMain hazard of burial, generation of deadlier pyroclastic flows
Results in long term disuse of buried land!Results in long term disuse of buried land!
38. PHIVOLCS DOST
Turbulent mass of ejectedTurbulent mass of ejected
fragmented volcanic materials (ash &fragmented volcanic materials (ash &
rocks) + hot gases that flow downsloperocks) + hot gases that flow downslope
at very high speeds (> 60 kph)at very high speeds (> 60 kph)
Deadliest of all volcanic hazardsDeadliest of all volcanic hazards
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard:
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGESPYROCLASTIC FLOWS & SURGES
39. PHIVOLCS DOST
Collapse and fallback from tall eruption eruption columns (ST.Collapse and fallback from tall eruption eruption columns (ST.
VINCENTVINCENT--TYPE)TYPE)
Gravitational collapse/ nonGravitational collapse/ non--explosive avalanching of material fromexplosive avalanching of material from
domes, lava flows (MERAPIdomes, lava flows (MERAPI--TYPE)TYPE)
Explosions during or after the ascent of lava domes (PLEEANExplosions during or after the ascent of lava domes (PLEEAN--TYPE)TYPE)
Voluminous silicic magma eruption leading to caldera collapseVoluminous silicic magma eruption leading to caldera collapse
(KRAKATOAN(KRAKATOAN--TYPE)TYPE)
Voluminous silicic magma eruption from fissure or fault systemsVoluminous silicic magma eruption from fissure or fault systems (VTTS(VTTS--
or VALLESor VALLES--TYPE)TYPE)
Origins of pyroclastic flows & surges:Origins of pyroclastic flows & surges:
40. PHIVOLCS DOST
Burning & incineration of everything in the flow pathBurning & incineration of everything in the flow path
Filling of river valleys w/ pyroclastic flow depositsFilling of river valleys w/ pyroclastic flow deposits
Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges:Impacts of Pyroclastic Flows & Surges:
RidgeRidge
RidgeRidge
41. PHIVOLCS DOST
HibokHibok--hibok Volcano,hibok Volcano,
Camiguin Island, DecemberCamiguin Island, December
1951: 500 deaths from1951: 500 deaths from
pyroclastic flowspyroclastic flows
Impacts of PyroclasticImpacts of Pyroclastic
Flows & Surges:Flows & Surges:
42. PHIVOLCS DOST
1911 Taal Volcano eruption: 300 deaths from1911 Taal Volcano eruption: 300 deaths from base surgebase surgess, a type of, a type of
pyroclastic surge that travels laterally outward from the base opyroclastic surge that travels laterally outward from the base of anf an
eruption column at 90eruption column at 90--500 m/s, first recognized in 1947 in explosion500 m/s, first recognized in 1947 in explosion
mushrooms of underwater nuclear testsmushrooms of underwater nuclear tests
43. PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazards:Volcanic Hazards:
LAHARSLAHARS
Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and waterRapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water
Triggered by rainfall, melting of craterial icecaps, lake breakoTriggered by rainfall, melting of craterial icecaps, lake breakout orut or
hydrothermalhydrothermal ““squeezingsqueezing””
1995 Typhoon Mameng Lahars, Bacolor, Pampanga
44. PHIVOLCS DOST
•• Debris flow:Debris flow: solid fraction is 60solid fraction is 60--80% by weight or >60% by volume80% by weight or >60% by volume
•• Hyperconcentrated streamflow:Hyperconcentrated streamflow: solid fraction 20solid fraction 20--60% by weight, 4060% by weight, 40--60%60%
by volumeby volume
Two Classes of LaharsTwo Classes of Lahars
46. PHIVOLCS DOST
Impacts of LaharsImpacts of Lahars
19911991
19921992
DIZON MINESDIZON MINES
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
SacobiaSacobia--Bamban RiverBamban River
BurialBurial
Cutoff and IsolationCutoff and Isolation
LongLong--term siltation &term siltation &
related floodingrelated flooding
47. PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazard: GasesVolcanic Hazard: Gases
Basic components of magmaBasic components of magma
or lava (Hor lava (H22O, COO, CO22, CO, H, CO, H22S, FS, F22,,
SOSO22, H, H22SOSO44, etc.), etc.)
Mostly toxic speciesMostly toxic species
From USGSFrom USGS
From USGSFrom USGS
48. PHIVOLCS DOST
Bubbling of water during 1969 eruption, Taal Lake, due toBubbling of water during 1969 eruption, Taal Lake, due to
escaping gas from magma beneath the lake floorescaping gas from magma beneath the lake floor
49. PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazard:Volcanic Hazard: GROUND FISSURINGGROUND FISSURING
due to movement of magma beneath the surfacedue to movement of magma beneath the surface
may be movement / adjustments along faultsmay be movement / adjustments along faults
accompanied by earthquakesaccompanied by earthquakes
1911 eruption fissure,
Lemery, Batangas
51. PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazard: DEBRIS AVALANCHEVolcanic Hazard: DEBRIS AVALANCHE
Downslope movement of largeDownslope movement of large--volume proportions of the volcanic flanksvolume proportions of the volcanic flanks
due to:due to:
••movement of magma beneath the edifice (Bezymmianymovement of magma beneath the edifice (Bezymmiany--type)type)
••adjustments along faults transecting volcanoesadjustments along faults transecting volcanoes
••earthquakes (Bandaiearthquakes (Bandai--type)type)
53. PHIVOLCS DOST
VOLCANIC HAZARDSVOLCANIC HAZARDS
MITIGATIONMITIGATION
We cannot control volcanic phenomenon, but we canWe cannot control volcanic phenomenon, but we can
lessen their riskslessen their risks
54. PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcano MonitoringVolcano Monitoring
Indirect measurement of the condition of the magmatic systemIndirect measurement of the condition of the magmatic system
55. PHIVOLCS DOST
VolcanoVolcano--Geologic MappingGeologic Mapping
Determine eruption history, eruptionDetermine eruption history, eruption
recurrencerecurrence
Determine types and extents of potentialDetermine types and extents of potential
eruptionseruptions
Determine eruption behaviorDetermine eruption behavior
56. PHIVOLCS DOST
Volcanic Hazards ModelingVolcanic Hazards Modeling
Numerically simulate the extents of volcanic flows based on geolNumerically simulate the extents of volcanic flows based on geologic dataogic data
57. PHIVOLCS DOST
Lahar Hazards Map, BulusanLahar Hazards Map, Bulusan
Volcano, based on USGSVolcano, based on USGS
modeling program LAHARZmodeling program LAHARZ
58. PHIVOLCS DOST
Information Dissemination & WarningInformation Dissemination & Warning
Communicate volcano information to government/disaster officialsCommunicate volcano information to government/disaster officials forfor
appropriate mitigation strategies & land useappropriate mitigation strategies & land use
Disseminate volcano information to the public to educate them onDisseminate volcano information to the public to educate them on
appropriate crisis responseappropriate crisis response
59. PHIVOLCS DOST
Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards in theMitigation of Volcanic Hazards in the
CommunityCommunity
Determine which areas (schools, communities) should beDetermine which areas (schools, communities) should be
evacuated & avoided during eruptionsevacuated & avoided during eruptions
Determine safe routes & sites for evacuationDetermine safe routes & sites for evacuation
Plan locations of settlements, schoolsPlan locations of settlements, schools
Conduct evacuation drillsConduct evacuation drills
60. PHIVOLCS DOST
Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards in theMitigation of Volcanic Hazards in the
CommunityCommunity
Observance ofObservance of
PERMANENTPERMANENT
DANGER ZONESDANGER ZONES
(PDZ)(PDZ)
