Transactional Analysis cab be very helpful for people to improve their Interpersonal Relations and also have effective Communication, in organizational setup or in domestic

1. Transactional Analysis
By – N.G.Palit

2. What is T.A?
 When two people interact with each
other,
they engage in social transactions, in
which
one person responds to the other.
 Study of such ”Social Transactions” is
called ’Transactional Analysis’.

3. What is a Transaction?
 A Transaction is an exchange of two
strokes between two people. The first
stroke is called ’Stimulus’, the second is
called the ’Response’.

4. Transactional Analysis
 Transactions are
psychological in nature and
relate to how people behave
and how other people
behave with them in
response to their
behaviour.

6. Transactional Analysis(cont)
 To understand Transactional Analysis we must first
understand EGO STATES:
 EGO STATES:
 Within each human being, several
human beings are existing at the same
time, depending upon how
the person is behaving at any given time.

7. Ego state of a normal person

8. Ego Stage of a small Child
PP
 It has only
Parent
& Child ego state.
 Adult not yet
formed
CC

9. Top Manager’s Ego State
Dominant ’Parent’
 Mostly critical,
or giving orders
 Normal ’Adult’.
 Fragile ’Child’
PP
AA
CC

10. Comedian’s Ego State
 Dominant ’Child’
 Insignificant
’Parent’
PP
AA
CC

11. 1. Parent Ego State
Set of thoughts, feelings,
and behaviours learnt
from parents or other
care takers.
 Nurturing Parent
 Soft, loving and
permission giving
PP

12. Parent Ego State
 While in the parent ego state,
people treat others like children.
 Critical Parent:
 This is a role where people becomes
authoritative; caring; controlling; and
sometimes bossy.

14. Adult Ego State
 Oriented towards current reality and
objectivity gathering of information.
 Data processing centre.
 This is a role of care, concern, respect,
responsibility and maturity.

15. Child Ego State
 Seat of emotions , thoughts and
memories from childhood.
 The ’child’ ego state has the liberty of fun
loving and carefree behaviour.
 It is a storehouse of Creativity.

16. Ego States

17. Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis
It deals with the theory of
development and is
underpinned by the philosophy:
 1. People can change
 2. We all have a right to be
in
this world and be
accepted
Eric Berne

18. EGO STATES
Each human being has three
ego states:
1. Parent ego state
2.Adult ego state
3.Child ego state
A
C
P

19. Development of Ego States

20. Parent Ego state – This pertains to behaviors,
thoughts and feelings copied during the early
years ( roughly , the first 5 years )

21. Parent Ego State: This pertains to behaviors,
thoughts and feelings copied from parents

22. The Parent is a huge collection of
recordings in the brain of imposed external
events perceived in the early
years(roughly the first 5 years.)

23. Every thing the Child saw the parents do and
every thing he heard them say, are recorded
straight without editing in his PARENT

24. There are thousands of “No”s and “Don’t”s that
bombarded him.
Parent data appear in “how to category”. “How
to hit a nail.” “how to eat”.
On the basis of these feelings the child concludes- I
am not O.K-you are O.K
But, sometimes parent says one thing but does
another thing like parent says “don’t lie”, but tells lies
himself.
It is not safe for the child to question this
inconsistency. He defends himself by turning off
the recording.

25. CHILD EGO STATE :
* It is a set of behaviors, thoughts and feelings
replayed from our childhood
* These are permanent recordings and can’t be
erased

26. CHILD EGO STATE
*The happy and pleasurable events are recorded in
child.
* In our Child reside creativity, curiosity and the desire
to know and the urge to touch and feel.
* These are O.K. recordings

27.  As in the case of Parent, the Child is a state which
brings the feelings which we felt at that time
 Creativity is born from curiosity in the Child, as it
provides “want to” and Adult provides “how to”
 In our child is a vast store of positive
data. In our Child are recorded
countless experience of the firsts of life

28. Gradual transition from Child stage to
Adult.

29. Adult Ego State
At about 8-10 months of age, the child starts
creeping, crawling and walking. He starts playing
with a cup and pretends to drink.
At the age of 10 months, comes his own
awareness and original thoughts. This is the
beginning of Adult.
He starts gathering and processing data. This
is thought process and is different from the earlier
felt concept in the child.

30. Adult during this period is very fragile. It is
easily knocked down by commands from parents.
The Adult is a data processing computer. The
adult starts testing the Parent data and updates it.
It also updates Child data.
The ongoing work consists of checking out old
data, validating or invalidating and refilling it
for future use.
Cont Adult Ego State…..

31. LIFE POSITIONS
T.A has four possible life positions:
I am O.K
You are O.K
You are O.K
I am not O.K
I am O.K
You are not O.K
I am not O.K
You are not O.K
You are
O.K
You are not O.K
I
am
O.
K
I
am
not
O.
K

32. Life Positions
T . A. has four possible life positions

33. ‘I am not O.K – You are O.K’:
This is a feeling of inferiority.
‘I am not O.K – You are not O.K’:
By the end of first year the child starts walking. He
is no longer picked up. Mother’s stroking stops
entirely. The life which was comfortable in the
first year becomes difficult. Punishment comes
harder.
The child concludes ‘I am not O.K – You are not
O.K’.
Cont…..

34. I am O.K – You are not O.K:
The child who is brutalized long enough by
parents will switch over to this position of I am O.K –
You are not O.K
• I am O.K – You are O.K:
The earlier three positions have been based on
childhood feelings, but this fourth position is based
on “Thought and Faith”. It is a decision we make.
The Adult can comprehend. We have the
presence of old recordings, but we can choose to
turn them off.
Cont…..

35. Psychological Positions

36. Complementary Transactions

37. A) PARENT-PARENT TRANSACTION
1. Stimulus: Her duty is at home with children.
 Response: She has no sense of duty
TRANSACTIONS
P P
A
C
A
C

38.  2. Stimulus: Kids now-a-days are lazy.
Response: It is a sign of the present generation.
 3. Stimulus: She married him only for his money.
Response: Well, that’s all she got.
Cont…..

39. B) ADULT-ADULT TRANSACTIONS
 1. Stimulus: What’s the time?
Response: Exactly 4 pm by my watch.
P P
A
C
A
C

40. 2. Stimulus : Please pass the sugar
Response : Here it is
3. Stimulus : I am tired
Response : Let us go to bed

41. 4.Stimulus: This is a nice dress, you are
wearing
Response: Thank you,
Cont…..

42. Adult to Adult Transaction

43. C) CHILD-CHILD TRANSACTIONS
1. Girl child(1): I will be the mamma and you the
little
girls.
Girl child(2): I always have to be the little girl.
Girl child(1): Well, let us take turns, you be the
mamma
first and next time I will be the mama.
2. Little boy(child): My daddy has two buildings.
Little girl(child): That is nothing. My daddy has five
buildings.

44. C) CHILD-CHILD TRANSACTIONS
P P
A
C
A
C

45. D) PARENT –CHILD TRANSACTION
Sick husband(child): I am feeling so sick.
Nurturing wife ( Good mamma): Don’t worry, you
will be all right. I am taking care of
you.
P P
A
C
A
C
P P
A
C
A
C

46. Adult to Child Transaction

47. CROSSED TRANSACTIONS
The crossed transactions cause trouble,
1. Husband (Adult stimulus, seeking information) :
Where is my scooter key?
Wife(parent) : Where you left it.
The stimulus was Adult but the wife replied from the
parent. When stimulus and response cross on
P.A.C Transaction diagram, communication
stops.

48. Crossed Transactions

49. HUSBAND WIFE
RULE OF T.A:
When stimulus and response cross on the P-A-C
transactions diagram, communication stops.
P P
A
C
A
C
Cont…..

50. 2. Mother (parent): Go clear your room.
Daughter (parent) : you can’t tell me what to do.
You are not my boss.
MOTHER DAUGHTER
P P
A
C
A
C

51. 3. Son (Adult): I have to finish my report tonight.
Father (parent) : Why do you always keep things for the
last minute.?
FATHER
S
SON
P P
A
C
A
C

52. Crossed Transaction

53. Three Rules of Communication
1. Complementary Transactions:
- communication remains open.
2. Crossed Transactions:
- communication stops.
 3. Complex Transactions:
- outcome is predicted only at the
psychological level

54. ”I’m O.K.- You’re O.K”
 This is the best known expression of the
purpose of Transactional Analysis, which
is:
 1. To reinforce the position that
recognizes the value and worth of
every person.
 2. Transactional Analysits regard people
as basically ”O.K”and thus capable of
change, growth,and healthy interactions.

55. Stroking & Life Positions
 Physically one strokes others by shaking
hands, clapping, hugging, smiling.
Countless physical strokes are exchanged
between
people everyday and each stroke stimulates its
own physical response.
 Psychological strokes deal with recognizing
others with words, gestures and behaviour.

56. Stroking & Life Positions
 Psychological strokes are A RECOGNITION OF
OTHERS and can be positive or negative in
nature.
 Respecting, praising and thanking people are
positive strokes, while criticizing and
ignoring them are some negative strokes.

57. Advantages of T.A
 Improves Interpersonal Communication
 Simple to learn
 Applicable to Motivation.
 Helps in Organizational Development.
 Can be used at home as well as in office.

58. Advantages
Transactional Analysis can be effectively
used to understand the secrets of human
behavior and often works better in improving
relationships.

59. CONCLUSION
Transactional Analysis is a rational and
easy to understand method of
clarifying
and managing human relationships
and behaviours.

60. For More Information
 Books to be read:
1. Games People Play
 2. I am OK, You are OK

61. Questions?

62. Thank You
By – N.G.Palit