3. Functions of theFunctions of the
skeletonskeleton
The skeleton has four basic functionsThe skeleton has four basic functions
Support the organs and tissuesSupport the organs and tissues
Protection for the internal organsProtection for the internal organs
Attachment for the muscles to allowAttachment for the muscles to allow
movementmovement
Storage site for blood cells and mineralsStorage site for blood cells and minerals
4. Structure of theStructure of the
skeletonskeleton
There are 206 bones inThere are 206 bones in
the skeleton. It isthe skeleton. It is
grouped into twogrouped into two
components.components.
Axial skeletonAxial skeleton
• The skullThe skull
• The spineThe spine
• The thorax (ribs)The thorax (ribs)
Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton
• The shoulder girdleThe shoulder girdle
• The arm and handThe arm and hand
• The leg and footThe leg and foot
5.
6. Types of bone tissueTypes of bone tissue
There are two main types of boneThere are two main types of bone
tissuetissue
Compact boneCompact bone
• Heavy, dense, strong bone. CoversHeavy, dense, strong bone. Covers
the complete bone and is thickest inthe complete bone and is thickest in
the shaft.the shaft.
Cancellous boneCancellous bone
• Honeycomb appearance. StrongHoneycomb appearance. Strong
and hard, less dense than compact.and hard, less dense than compact.
Found mainly in the ends of bonesFound mainly in the ends of bones
where they form joints.where they form joints.
7. Types of bonesTypes of bones
Long bonesLong bones
Humerus, tibia, radius,Humerus, tibia, radius,
phalangesphalanges
Short bonesShort bones
Carpals and tarsalsCarpals and tarsals
Flat bonesFlat bones
Skull, ribs, pelvis andSkull, ribs, pelvis and
shoulder bladesshoulder blades
Irregular bonesIrregular bones
Facial bones andFacial bones and
vertebraevertebrae
8. AnatomicalAnatomical
terminologyterminology
Superior – toward the headSuperior – toward the head
Inferior – toward the feetInferior – toward the feet
Anterior – frontAnterior – front
Posterior – backPosterior – back
Medial – toward the midlineMedial – toward the midline
Lateral – toward the sideLateral – toward the side
Proximal – near the trunkProximal – near the trunk
Distal – further from the trunkDistal – further from the trunk
Prone – face downProne – face down
Supine – face upSupine – face up
11. Types of jointsTypes of joints
FibrousFibrous
Occur where bones are unitedOccur where bones are united
by intervening fibrous tissue egby intervening fibrous tissue eg
skull and pelvisskull and pelvis
CartilaginousCartilaginous
Occur where bones are unitedOccur where bones are united
by intervening cartilage egby intervening cartilage eg
between vertebrae, between ribsbetween vertebrae, between ribs
and sternumand sternum
SynovialSynovial
Are the most mobile andAre the most mobile and
common joints eg knee, shouldercommon joints eg knee, shoulder
12. Types of synovialTypes of synovial
jointsjoints Hinge jointHinge joint
Allows only back and forth movement such asAllows only back and forth movement such as
bending and straightening eg knee, elbowbending and straightening eg knee, elbow
Pivot jointPivot joint
Allows only rotation eg neck between atlas and axis,Allows only rotation eg neck between atlas and axis,
elbow between humerus and radiuselbow between humerus and radius
Gliding (plane) jointGliding (plane) joint
Occurs where two flat bones slide over each otherOccurs where two flat bones slide over each other
eg between carpals and tarsals, ribs and thoraciceg between carpals and tarsals, ribs and thoracic
vertebraevertebrae
Ball and socket jointBall and socket joint
Allows side to side, back and forth and rotationalAllows side to side, back and forth and rotational
movement eg shoulder, hipmovement eg shoulder, hip
13.
14. Movement allowed byMovement allowed by
synovial jointssynovial joints
Flexion – bending, decreasing the angle between bonesFlexion – bending, decreasing the angle between bones
Extension – increases the angle between bonesExtension – increases the angle between bones
Abduction – movement away from the midlineAbduction – movement away from the midline
Adduction – movement towards the midlineAdduction – movement towards the midline
Circumduction – bone end describes a circle, bone makes a coneCircumduction – bone end describes a circle, bone makes a cone
shaped movementshaped movement
Rotation – bone moves around a central axisRotation – bone moves around a central axis
Supination – palm hand facing upSupination – palm hand facing up
Pronation – palm hand facing downPronation – palm hand facing down
Eversion – sole of the foot outward of the ankleEversion – sole of the foot outward of the ankle
Inversion – sole of the fool inward of the ankleInversion – sole of the fool inward of the ankle
Dorsiflexion – raising the toes and footDorsiflexion – raising the toes and foot
Plantar flexion – pointing of the toesPlantar flexion – pointing of the toes
19. Muscle actionMuscle action
Muscles produce movement by pullingMuscles produce movement by pulling
on bones.on bones.
Muscles are attached to bones byMuscles are attached to bones by
tendons at each end.tendons at each end.
The end of the muscle that is relativelyThe end of the muscle that is relatively
fixed is the origin.fixed is the origin.
The end that moves most is theThe end that moves most is the
insertion.insertion.
The main body is the muscle belly.The main body is the muscle belly.
When muscles contract the origin andWhen muscles contract the origin and
insertion are drawn together, causinginsertion are drawn together, causing
the muscle to shorten. The attachedthe muscle to shorten. The attached
bones are pulled in the direction of thebones are pulled in the direction of the
movement, producing movement.movement, producing movement.
This is the muscle action. Eg elbowThis is the muscle action. Eg elbow
flexionflexion
20. Reciprocal inhibitionReciprocal inhibition
Muscles usually work in pairs. When a muscleMuscles usually work in pairs. When a muscle
contracts (agonist), another relaxescontracts (agonist), another relaxes
(antagonist). Example – triceps and biceps.(antagonist). Example – triceps and biceps.
When the elbow extends, the triceps (agonist)When the elbow extends, the triceps (agonist)
contract and the bicep (antagonist) relaxes.contract and the bicep (antagonist) relaxes.
This pairing of opposite muscles is calledThis pairing of opposite muscles is called
‘reciprocal inhibition’.‘reciprocal inhibition’.
Synergists are muscles that assist the agonistSynergists are muscles that assist the agonist
and antagonist.and antagonist.
21. Types of musclesTypes of muscles
Muscles can be described asMuscles can be described as
either:either:
Voluntary (over which we haveVoluntary (over which we have
control)control)
Involuntary (over which we haveInvoluntary (over which we have
no direct control)no direct control)
The three main types of muscleThe three main types of muscle
are:are:
Smooth – found in blood vesselsSmooth – found in blood vessels
and intestinal walls (involuntary)and intestinal walls (involuntary)
Cardiac – found only in the wallsCardiac – found only in the walls
of the heart (involuntary)of the heart (involuntary)
Striped / striated / skeletal –Striped / striated / skeletal –
external, voluntary musclesexternal, voluntary muscles
22. Main features of allMain features of all
musclesmuscles
Controlled by nerve stimuli (excitability)Controlled by nerve stimuli (excitability)
Can contract (contractility)Can contract (contractility)
Can stretch (extensibility)Can stretch (extensibility)
Can return to their original shapeCan return to their original shape
(elasticity)(elasticity)
Can atrophy (waste away)Can atrophy (waste away)
Can hypertrophy (enlarge)Can hypertrophy (enlarge)
Are fed by capillariesAre fed by capillaries
23. Types of muscle fibresTypes of muscle fibres
Slow twitch fibresSlow twitch fibres
Contract slowly, contract repeatedly, suitedContract slowly, contract repeatedly, suited
to endurance activitiesto endurance activities
Fast twitch fibresFast twitch fibres
Contract rapidly, are easily exhausted,Contract rapidly, are easily exhausted,
suited to speed activitiessuited to speed activities
24. Shape / fibreShape / fibre
arrangement ofarrangement of
voluntary musclesvoluntary muscles FusiformFusiform
Fibres run the length of the belly, highlyFibres run the length of the belly, highly
contractile and produce largecontractile and produce large
movements eg bicepsmovements eg biceps
PennatePennate
Produce smaller range ofProduce smaller range of
movements and are designed formovements and are designed for
power and strength. There arepower and strength. There are
three main types:three main types:
UnipennateUnipennate
Fibres are on one side of a centralFibres are on one side of a central
tendontendon
BipennateBipennate
Fibres run off either side of a centralFibres run off either side of a central
tendontendon
MultipennateMultipennate
Small tendons converge from the originSmall tendons converge from the origin
to the tendon of the insertionto the tendon of the insertion
25. Types of muscularTypes of muscular
contractioncontraction
IsotonicIsotonic
The length of the muscleThe length of the muscle
changes to produce force.changes to produce force.
There are two types:There are two types:
Concentric – muscle shortens toConcentric – muscle shortens to
produce forceproduce force
Eccentric – muscle lengthens toEccentric – muscle lengthens to
create forcecreate force
IsometricIsometric
Muscle length remains theMuscle length remains the
same but force is still producedsame but force is still produced
26. BibliographyBibliography
Glenn Amezdroz, Sue Dickens, GeoffGlenn Amezdroz, Sue Dickens, Geoff
Hosford, and Damien Davis.Hosford, and Damien Davis. QueenslandQueensland
Senior Physical Education.Senior Physical Education. South Yarra,South Yarra,
1999.1999.
Google image search.Google image search.
http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/