AI may be defined as the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. which act and think like a human.

1. Artificial Intelligence
Introduction
By
Dr. M. Waqar Aziz

2. Textbook
§ Not required, but for students who
want to read more we recommend
§ Russell & Norvig, AI: A Modern
Approach, 3rdEd.
§ Warning: Not a course textbook, so
our presentation does not necessarily
follow the presentation in the book.

3. Today
§ What is artificial intelligence?
§ What can AI do?
§ What is this course?

4. Sci-Fi AI?

5. What is AI?
The science of making machines that:
Think like people
Act like people
Think rationally
Act rationally

6. AI – The History
• AI is as old as computing, whose theory started in the 1930
with Alan Turing, Alonzo Church, and others
• 1941 Konrad Zuse, Germany, general purpose computer
• 1943 Britain (Turing and others) Colossus, for decoding
• 1945 ENIAC, US. John von Neumann a consultant
• 1956 Dartmouth Conference organized by John McCarthy
(inventor of LISP)
• The term Artificial Intelligence was coined at Dartmouth,
which was intended as a two month study.

7. AI – The Achievements
• Computers land 200 ton jumbo jets unaided every few
minutes.
• Search systems like Google are not perfect but provide
very effective information retrieval.
• Robots cut slots for hip joints better than surgeons.
• The chess program Deep Blue beat world champion
Kasparov in 1997.
• Medical expert systems can outperform doctors in many
areas of diagnosis
• Self-driving cars are beginning to enter the market.
• IBM’s Watson beats humans at Jeopardy.
• Programs such as Siri communicate via natural language.

8. Artificial vs. Human Intelligence
Today’s computers can do many well-defined tasks (for
example, arithmetic operations), much faster and more
accurate than human beings.
However, the computers’ interaction with their
environment is not very sophisticated yet.
How can we test whether a computer has reached the
general intelligence level of a human being?
Turing Test: Can a computer convince a human interrogator
that it is a human?
But before thinking of such advanced kinds of machines, we
will start developing our own extremely simple “intelligent”
machines.

9. 1. Natural Language processing
§ Speech technologies (e.g. Siri)
§ Automatic speech recognition (ASR)
§ Text-to-speech synthesis (TTS)
§ Dialog systems
§ Language processing technologies
§ Questionanswering
§ Machine translation
§ Web search
§ Text classification, spam filtering, etc…

10. 2. Computer Vision (Perception)
§ Object and face recognition
§ Scene segmentation
§ Image classification

11. Object Some Recent Results

12. Number Detection

13. Good Generalization
Both recognized
as a “meal”

14. Sensible Errors
“snake
”
“dog”

15. Works in practice
for real
users.

16. 3. Robotics
§ Robotics
§ Part mech. eng.
§ Part AI
§ Reality much
harder than
simulations!
§ Technologies
§ Vehicles
§ Rescue
§ Soccer!
§ Lots of automation…
§ In this class:
§ We ignore mechanical aspects
§ Methods forplanning
§ Methods forcontrol
Images from UC Berkeley, Boston Dynamics, RoboCup,Google

17. Robot Soccer

18. Robot Soccer

19. Folding Laundry

20. Humanoid

21. 4. Logic
§ Logical systems
§ Theorem provers
§ NASA fault diagnosis
§ Question answering
§ Methods:
§ Deduction systems
§ Constraint satisfaction
§ Satisfiability solvers (huge advances!)
Image from BartSelman

22. 5. Game Playing
§ Classic Moment: May, '97: Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
§ First match won against worldchampion
§ “Intelligent creative” play
§ 200 million board positions per second
§ Humans understood 99.9 of Deep Blue's moves
§ Can do about the same now with a PC cluster
§ Open question:
§ How does human cognition deal with the
search space explosion of chess?
§ Or: how can humans compete with computers at all??
§ 1996: Kasparov Beats Deep Blue
“I could feel --- I could smell --- a new kind of intelligence across the table.”
§ 1997: Deep Blue Beats Kasparov
“Deep Blue hasn't proven anything.”
§ Huge game-playing advances recently, e.g. in Go!
Text from Bart Selman, image from IBM’s Deep Blue pages

23. "I misjudged the capabilities of
AlphaGo and felt powerless.”,
quote after game 3

24. 6. Decision Making
§ Applied AI involves many kinds of automation
§ Scheduling, e.g. airline routing, military
§ Route planning, e.g. Google maps
§ Medical diagnosis
§ Web search engines
§ Spam classifiers
§ Automated help desks
§ Fraud detection
§ Product recommendations
§ … Lots more!