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Aed1222 lesson 6
1. Introduction to Statistics for Built
Environment
Course Code: AED 1222
Compiled by
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (AED)
CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES (CFS)
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
3. Contingency
Table
Contingency
Table
Data
Qualitative Quantitative
TabularTabular GraphicalGraphical TabularTabular GraphicalGraphical
Frequency
Distribution
Frequency
Distribution
Rel. Freq.
Dist.
Rel. Freq.
Dist.
Bar GraphBar Graph
Pie ChartPie Chart
Frequency
Distribution
Frequency
Distribution
Rel. Freq.
Dist.
Rel. Freq.
Dist.
Cumulative
Freq. Dist.
Cumulative
Freq. Dist.
Histograms
& Polygons
Histograms
& Polygons
Stem and
Leaf Plot
Stem and
Leaf Plot
An overview
OgivesOgives
LECTURE
5
An overview of common data presentation:
LECTURE
4
4. Histograms
What is a Histograms?
• The histogram is a summary graph showing a count of the
data points falling in various ranges.
• The groups of data are called classes, and in the context of a
histogram they are known as bins, because we can think of
them as containers that accumulate data and "fill up" at a
rate equal to the frequency of that data class
• Consists of a set of rectangles
• Bases at X axis,
• Centers at the midpoints,
• Lengths equals to the class interval size,
• Areas proportional to the class frequencies.
Graphical
Graphical
5. Histograms cont.
• Unlike a bar graph, a histogram has no natural separation or
gap between rectangles of adjacent classes.
• The class boundaries are marked on the horizontal axis (X
Axis) and the frequency is marked on the vertical axis (Y
Axis). Thus a rectangle is constructed on each class interval.
• If the intervals are equal, then the height of each rectangle
is proportional to the corresponding class frequency.
• If the intervals are unequal, then the area of each rectangle
is proportional to the corresponding frequency density.
Graphical
Graphical
9. Distribution of shops according to the number of wage
- earners employed at a shopping complex
When the intervals are unequal, we construct each rectangle
with the class intervals as base and frequency density as height.
Frequency Density
Histograms cont.
Graphical
Graphical
Draw a histogram for the following data set:
Example of Histograms:
12. Information conveyed
by Histograms
Why use Histograms?
-Histograms are useful data summaries that convey the
following information:
• The general shape of the frequency distribution
• Symmetry of the distribution and whether it is
skewed
• Modality: unimodal, bimodal, or multimodal
Graphical
Graphical
-A histogram may become more appropriate as the data
size increases.
-The ease with which histograms can now be generated
on computers.
14. Polygons
What is a Polygons?
• A polygon is a line graph of the class
frequency plotted against the class
midpoint.
• Obtained by connecting the midpoints
of the tops of the rectangles in the
histogram.
• However, frequency Polygons can be
drawn independently without drawing
the histograms.
• In drawing a histogram/polygon of a
given frequency distribution, we take
the following steps:
Graphical
Graphical
15. Polygons cont.
Graphical
Graphical
Step 1. : If the frequency table is in the inclusive form, we first
convert it into an exclusive form and make it a continuous
interval.
Step 2. :To complete the polygon we assume a class interval
with zero frequency preceding the first class interval and a
class interval with zero frequency succeeding the last class
interval.
Step 3. : Taking a suitable scale, we represent the class mid-
points or (class marks) along X axis.
Step 4. : Taking a suitable scale, we represent frequency along
Y axis.
Step 5. : We plot the corresponding points and join it with the
help of line segment.
Procedure
18. The Stem-and-Leaf plot
What is a Stem-and-Leaf Plot?
• The Stem-and-leaf plot is a device for presenting quantitative
data in a graphical format, similar to a histogram, to assist in
visualizing the shape of a distribution.
• Unlike histograms, stemplots retain the original data.
• A basic stemplot contains two columns separated by a vertical
line. The left column contains the stems and the right column
contains the leaves.
• Consists of a set of a : Stem: Leading Digits
Leaf: Trailing digits
Graphical
Graphical
19. Step 1. : Separate the sorted data series into leading digits
(the stem) and the trailing digits (the leaves).
Step 2. : List all stems in a column from low to high.
Step 3. : For each stem, list all associated leaves.
Procedure
The Stem-and-leaf plot cont.
Graphical
Graphical